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<h1 id="_1">镜像<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>镜像(image)是动态的容器的静态表示（specification），包括容器所要运行的应用代码以及运行时的配置。<strong>Docker 镜像包括一个或者多个只读层（ read-only layers ）</strong>，因此，镜像一旦被创建就再也不能被修改了。一个运行着的Docker 容器是一个镜像的实例（ instantiation ）。<strong>每个运行着的容器都有一个可写层（ writable layer ，也成为容器层 container layer）</strong>，它位于底下的若干只读层之上。运行时的所有变化，包括对数据和文件的写和更新，都会保存在这个层中。因此，<strong>从同一个镜像运行的多个容器包含了不同的容器层</strong>。</p>
<h2 id="host-os-vs-guest-os-vs-base-image">Host OS VS Guest OS VS Base image<a class="headerlink" href="#host-os-vs-guest-os-vs-base-image" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>比如，一台主机安装的是 Centos 操作系统，现在在上面跑一个 Ubuntu 容器。此时，Host OS 是 Centos，Guest OS 是 Ubuntu。Guest OS 也被成为容器的 Base Image。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://static.cyub.vip/images/202107/guest-os.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="https://static.cyub.vip/images/202107/guest-os.png" /></a></p>
<p>因为所有Linux发行版都包含同一个linux 内核（有轻微修改），以及不同的自己的软件，因此，会很容易地将某个 userland 软件安装在linux 内核上，来模拟不同的发行版环境。比如说，在 Ubuntu 上运行 Centos 容器，这意味着从 Centos 获取 userland 软件，运行在 Ubuntu 内核上。因此，这就像在同一个操作系统（linux 内核）上运行不同的 userland 软件（发行版的）。这就是为什么Docker 不支持在 Linux 主机上运行 FreeBSD 或者windows 容器。</p>
<h2 id="dockerfile">Dockerfile 语法<a class="headerlink" href="#dockerfile" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="add-copy">ADD 和 COPY<a class="headerlink" href="#add-copy" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Add：将 host 上的文件拷贝到或者将网络上的文件下载到容器中的指定目录。</p>
<p>两者都可以从本地拷贝文件，那两者有什么区别呢？</p>
<ol>
<li>ADD 多了2个功能, 下载URL和对支持的压缩格式的包进行解压. 其他都一样。比如 ADD <a href="http://foo.com/bar.go">http://foo.com/bar.go</a> /tmp/main.go 会将文件从因特网上方下载下来，ADD /foo.tar.gz /tmp/ 会将压缩文件解压再COPY过去</li>
<li>如果你不希望压缩文件拷贝到container后会被解压的话, 那么使用COPY。</li>
<li>如果需要自动下载URL并拷贝到container的话, 请使用ADD</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="run">RUN<a class="headerlink" href="#run" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>运行命令，结果会生成镜像中的一个新层</p>
<h3 id="volume">VOLUME<a class="headerlink" href="#volume" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>允许容器访问host上某个目录</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a># Usage: VOLUME [&quot;/dir_1&quot;, &quot;/dir_2&quot; ..]
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>VOLUME [&quot;/my_files&quot;]
</span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="cmd">CMD<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>CMD：在容器被创建后执行的命令，和 RUN 不同，它是在构造容器时候所执行的命令</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a># Usage 1: CMD application &quot;argument&quot;, &quot;argument&quot;, ..
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>CMD &quot;echo&quot; &quot;Hello docker!&quot;
</span></code></pre></div>
<p>CMD 有三种格式:</p>
<ul>
<li>CMD ["executable","param1","param2"] (like an exec, preferred form)</li>
<li>CMD ["param1","param2"] (作为 ENTRYPOINT 的参数)</li>
<li>CMD command param1 param2 (作为 shell 运行)</li>
</ul>
<p>一个Dockerfile里只能有一个CMD，如果有多个，只有最后一个生效。</p>
<h3 id="entrypoint">ENTRYPOINT<a class="headerlink" href="#entrypoint" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>ENTRYPOINT ：设置默认应用，会保证每次容器被创建后该应用都会被执行。</p>
<p>CMD 和 ENTRYPOINT区别与联系？</p>
<ul>
<li>Dockerfile 至少需要指定一个 CMD 或者 ENTRYPOINT 指令</li>
<li>CMD 可以用来指定 ENTRYPOINT 指令的参数</li>
<li>CMD 和 ENTRYPOINT 都存在时，CMD 的指令作为 ENTRYPOINT 的参数</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><i></i></th>
<th>没有 ENTRYPOINT</th>
<th>ENTRYPOINT exec_entry p1_entry</th>
<th>ENTRYPOINT [“exec_entry”, “p1_entry”]</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>没有 CMD</td>
<td>错误，不允许</td>
<td>/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry</td>
<td>exec_entry p1_entry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMD [“exec_cmd”, “p1_cmd”]</td>
<td>exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
<td>/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
<td>exec_entry p1_entry exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMD [“p1_cmd”, “p2_cmd”]</td>
<td>p1_cmd p2_cmd</td>
<td>/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry p1_cmd p2_cmd</td>
<td>exec_entry p1_entry p1_cmd p2_cmd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMD exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
<td>/bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
<td>/bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry /bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
<td>exec_entry p1_entry /bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>备注</td>
<td>只有 CMD 时，执行 CMD 定义的指令</td>
<td>CMD 和 ENTRYPOINT 都存在时，CMD 的指令作为 ENTRYPOINT 的参数</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="dockerlxc">docker与lxc是什么关系，有什么区别?<a class="headerlink" href="#dockerlxc" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>lxc 是早期版本 docker 的一个基础组件，docker 主要用到了它对 Cgroup 和 Namespace 两个内核特性的控制。随着 docker 的发展，它自己封装了 libcontainer （golang 的库）来实现 Cgroup 和 Namespace 控制，从而消除了对 lxc 的依赖。</p>
<p>Docker, LXC都是容器化的实现，底层都依赖内核的namespaces 和Cgroup，在多个方面又有很多不同。</p>
<h2 id="_2">资料<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/sammyliu/p/5877964.html">理解Docker（2）：Docker 镜像</a></li>
</ul>
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