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每个程序员都应该了解的内存知识
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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分布式
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Elasticsearch
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docker
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参考资料
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Step 1: Outline use cases and constraints
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We'll scope the problem to handle only the following use case
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Use case: Service calculates the past week's most popular products by category
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Use case: User views the past week's most popular products by category
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<h1 id="design-amazons-sales-rank-by-category-feature">Design Amazon's sales rank by category feature<a class="headerlink" href="#design-amazons-sales-rank-by-category-feature" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<p><em>Note: This document links directly to relevant areas found in the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#index-of-system-design-topics">system design topics</a> to avoid duplication. Refer to the linked content for general talking points, tradeoffs, and alternatives.</em></p>
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<h2 id="step-1-outline-use-cases-and-constraints">Step 1: Outline use cases and constraints<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-outline-use-cases-and-constraints" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Gather requirements and scope the problem.
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Ask questions to clarify use cases and constraints.
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Discuss assumptions.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>Without an interviewer to address clarifying questions, we'll define some use cases and constraints.</p>
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<h3 id="use-cases">Use cases<a class="headerlink" href="#use-cases" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<h4 id="well-scope-the-problem-to-handle-only-the-following-use-case">We'll scope the problem to handle only the following use case<a class="headerlink" href="#well-scope-the-problem-to-handle-only-the-following-use-case" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Service</strong> calculates the past week's most popular products by category</li>
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<li><strong>User</strong> views the past week's most popular products by category</li>
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<li><strong>Service</strong> has high availability</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="out-of-scope">Out of scope<a class="headerlink" href="#out-of-scope" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li>The general e-commerce site<ul>
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<li>Design components only for calculating sales rank</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="constraints-and-assumptions">Constraints and assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#constraints-and-assumptions" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<h4 id="state-assumptions">State assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#state-assumptions" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li>Traffic is not evenly distributed</li>
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<li>Items can be in multiple categories</li>
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<li>Items cannot change categories</li>
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<li>There are no subcategories ie <code>foo/bar/baz</code></li>
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<li>Results must be updated hourly<ul>
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<li>More popular products might need to be updated more frequently</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>10 million products</li>
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<li>1000 categories</li>
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<li>1 billion transactions per month</li>
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<li>100 billion read requests per month</li>
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<li>100:1 read to write ratio</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="calculate-usage">Calculate usage<a class="headerlink" href="#calculate-usage" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
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<p><strong>Clarify with your interviewer if you should run back-of-the-envelope usage calculations.</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Size per transaction:<ul>
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<li><code>created_at</code> - 5 bytes</li>
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<li><code>product_id</code> - 8 bytes</li>
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<li><code>category_id</code> - 4 bytes</li>
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<li><code>seller_id</code> - 8 bytes</li>
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<li><code>buyer_id</code> - 8 bytes</li>
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<li><code>quantity</code> - 4 bytes</li>
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<li><code>total_price</code> - 5 bytes</li>
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<li>Total: ~40 bytes</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>40 GB of new transaction content per month<ul>
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<li>40 bytes per transaction * 1 billion transactions per month</li>
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<li>1.44 TB of new transaction content in 3 years</li>
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<li>Assume most are new transactions instead of updates to existing ones</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>400 transactions per second on average</li>
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<li>40,000 read requests per second on average</li>
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|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>Handy conversion guide:</p>
|
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|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>2.5 million seconds per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>1 request per second = 2.5 million requests per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>40 requests per second = 100 million requests per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>400 requests per second = 1 billion requests per month</li>
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|
</ul>
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<h2 id="step-2-create-a-high-level-design">Step 2: Create a high level design<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-create-a-high-level-design" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Outline a high level design with all important components.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/vwMa1Qu.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/vwMa1Qu.png" /></a></p>
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<h2 id="step-3-design-core-components">Step 3: Design core components<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-design-core-components" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>Dive into details for each core component.</p>
|
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="use-case-service-calculates-the-past-weeks-most-popular-products-by-category">Use case: Service calculates the past week's most popular products by category<a class="headerlink" href="#use-case-service-calculates-the-past-weeks-most-popular-products-by-category" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p>We could store the raw <strong>Sales API</strong> server log files on a managed <strong>Object Store</strong> such as Amazon S3, rather than managing our own distributed file system.</p>
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<p><strong>Clarify with your interviewer how much code you are expected to write</strong>.</p>
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<p>We'll assume this is a sample log entry, tab delimited:</p>
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<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a>timestamp product_id category_id qty total_price seller_id buyer_id
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</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>t1 product1 category1 2 20.00 1 1
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</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>t2 product1 category2 2 20.00 2 2
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</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a>t2 product1 category2 1 10.00 2 3
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</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a>t3 product2 category1 3 7.00 3 4
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</span><span id="__span-0-6"><a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a>t4 product3 category2 7 2.00 4 5
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</span><span id="__span-0-7"><a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a>t5 product4 category1 1 5.00 5 6
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</span><span id="__span-0-8"><a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a>...
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</span></code></pre></div>
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<p>The <strong>Sales Rank Service</strong> could use <strong>MapReduce</strong>, using the <strong>Sales API</strong> server log files as input and writing the results to an aggregate table <code>sales_rank</code> in a <strong>SQL Database</strong>. We should discuss the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql">use cases and tradeoffs between choosing SQL or NoSQL</a>.</p>
|
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<p>We'll use a multi-step <strong>MapReduce</strong>:</p>
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<ul>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Step 1</strong> - Transform the data to <code>(category, product_id), sum(quantity)</code></li>
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<li><strong>Step 2</strong> - Perform a distributed sort</li>
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</ul>
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<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SalesRanker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MRJob</span><span class="p">):</span>
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</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">within_past_week</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timestamp</span><span class="p">):</span>
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</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Return True if timestamp is within past week, False otherwise."""</span>
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</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a> <span class="o">...</span>
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</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a>
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</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">mapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">):</span>
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</span><span id="__span-1-8"><a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Parse each log line, extract and transform relevant lines.</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-9"><a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a>
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-1-10"><a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="sd"> Emit key value pairs of the form:</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-11"><a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-12"><a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, product1), 2</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-13"><a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13" href="#__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, product1), 2</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-14"><a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14" href="#__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, product1), 1</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-15"><a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15" href="#__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, product2), 3</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-16"><a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16" href="#__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, product3), 7</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-17"><a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17" href="#__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, product4), 1</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-18"><a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18" href="#__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-19"><a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19" href="#__codelineno-1-19"></a> <span class="n">timestamp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">product_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">category_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total_price</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seller_id</span><span class="p">,</span> \
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-20"><a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20" href="#__codelineno-1-20"></a> <span class="n">buyer_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-21"><a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21" href="#__codelineno-1-21"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">within_past_week</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">timestamp</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-22"><a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22" href="#__codelineno-1-22"></a> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">category_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">product_id</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">quantity</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-23"><a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23" href="#__codelineno-1-23"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-24"><a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24" href="#__codelineno-1-24"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reducer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-25"><a id="__codelineno-1-25" name="__codelineno-1-25" href="#__codelineno-1-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Sum values for each key.</span>
|
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-26"><a id="__codelineno-1-26" name="__codelineno-1-26" href="#__codelineno-1-26"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-27"><a id="__codelineno-1-27" name="__codelineno-1-27" href="#__codelineno-1-27"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, product1), 2</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-28"><a id="__codelineno-1-28" name="__codelineno-1-28" href="#__codelineno-1-28"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, product1), 3</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-29"><a id="__codelineno-1-29" name="__codelineno-1-29" href="#__codelineno-1-29"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, product2), 3</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-30"><a id="__codelineno-1-30" name="__codelineno-1-30" href="#__codelineno-1-30"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, product3), 7</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-31"><a id="__codelineno-1-31" name="__codelineno-1-31" href="#__codelineno-1-31"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, product4), 1</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-32"><a id="__codelineno-1-32" name="__codelineno-1-32" href="#__codelineno-1-32"></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-33"><a id="__codelineno-1-33" name="__codelineno-1-33" href="#__codelineno-1-33"></a> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-34"><a id="__codelineno-1-34" name="__codelineno-1-34" href="#__codelineno-1-34"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-35"><a id="__codelineno-1-35" name="__codelineno-1-35" href="#__codelineno-1-35"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">mapper_sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-36"><a id="__codelineno-1-36" name="__codelineno-1-36" href="#__codelineno-1-36"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Construct key to ensure proper sorting.</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-37"><a id="__codelineno-1-37" name="__codelineno-1-37" href="#__codelineno-1-37"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-38"><a id="__codelineno-1-38" name="__codelineno-1-38" href="#__codelineno-1-38"></a><span class="sd"> Transform key and value to the form:</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-39"><a id="__codelineno-1-39" name="__codelineno-1-39" href="#__codelineno-1-39"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-40"><a id="__codelineno-1-40" name="__codelineno-1-40" href="#__codelineno-1-40"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, 2), product1</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-41"><a id="__codelineno-1-41" name="__codelineno-1-41" href="#__codelineno-1-41"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, 3), product1</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-42"><a id="__codelineno-1-42" name="__codelineno-1-42" href="#__codelineno-1-42"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, 3), product2</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-43"><a id="__codelineno-1-43" name="__codelineno-1-43" href="#__codelineno-1-43"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, 7), product3</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-44"><a id="__codelineno-1-44" name="__codelineno-1-44" href="#__codelineno-1-44"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, 1), product4</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-45"><a id="__codelineno-1-45" name="__codelineno-1-45" href="#__codelineno-1-45"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-46"><a id="__codelineno-1-46" name="__codelineno-1-46" href="#__codelineno-1-46"></a><span class="sd"> The shuffle/sort step of MapReduce will then do a</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-47"><a id="__codelineno-1-47" name="__codelineno-1-47" href="#__codelineno-1-47"></a><span class="sd"> distributed sort on the keys, resulting in:</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-48"><a id="__codelineno-1-48" name="__codelineno-1-48" href="#__codelineno-1-48"></a>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-49"><a id="__codelineno-1-49" name="__codelineno-1-49" href="#__codelineno-1-49"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, 1), product4</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-50"><a id="__codelineno-1-50" name="__codelineno-1-50" href="#__codelineno-1-50"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, 2), product1</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-51"><a id="__codelineno-1-51" name="__codelineno-1-51" href="#__codelineno-1-51"></a><span class="sd"> (category1, 3), product2</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-52"><a id="__codelineno-1-52" name="__codelineno-1-52" href="#__codelineno-1-52"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, 3), product1</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-53"><a id="__codelineno-1-53" name="__codelineno-1-53" href="#__codelineno-1-53"></a><span class="sd"> (category2, 7), product3</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-54"><a id="__codelineno-1-54" name="__codelineno-1-54" href="#__codelineno-1-54"></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-55"><a id="__codelineno-1-55" name="__codelineno-1-55" href="#__codelineno-1-55"></a> <span class="n">category_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">product_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">key</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-56"><a id="__codelineno-1-56" name="__codelineno-1-56" href="#__codelineno-1-56"></a> <span class="n">quantity</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-57"><a id="__codelineno-1-57" name="__codelineno-1-57" href="#__codelineno-1-57"></a> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">category_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">product_id</span>
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-1-58"><a id="__codelineno-1-58" name="__codelineno-1-58" href="#__codelineno-1-58"></a>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-59"><a id="__codelineno-1-59" name="__codelineno-1-59" href="#__codelineno-1-59"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reducer_identity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-60"><a id="__codelineno-1-60" name="__codelineno-1-60" href="#__codelineno-1-60"></a> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span>
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</span><span id="__span-1-61"><a id="__codelineno-1-61" name="__codelineno-1-61" href="#__codelineno-1-61"></a>
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-1-62"><a id="__codelineno-1-62" name="__codelineno-1-62" href="#__codelineno-1-62"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">steps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-63"><a id="__codelineno-1-63" name="__codelineno-1-63" href="#__codelineno-1-63"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Run the map and reduce steps."""</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-1-64"><a id="__codelineno-1-64" name="__codelineno-1-64" href="#__codelineno-1-64"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-1-65"><a id="__codelineno-1-65" name="__codelineno-1-65" href="#__codelineno-1-65"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mapper</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mapper</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-66"><a id="__codelineno-1-66" name="__codelineno-1-66" href="#__codelineno-1-66"></a> <span class="n">reducer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reducer</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-67"><a id="__codelineno-1-67" name="__codelineno-1-67" href="#__codelineno-1-67"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mapper</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mapper_sort</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-68"><a id="__codelineno-1-68" name="__codelineno-1-68" href="#__codelineno-1-68"></a> <span class="n">reducer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reducer_identity</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-69"><a id="__codelineno-1-69" name="__codelineno-1-69" href="#__codelineno-1-69"></a> <span class="p">]</span>
|
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|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
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<p>The result would be the following sorted list, which we could insert into the <code>sales_rank</code> table:</p>
|
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<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a>(category1, 1), product4
|
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</span><span id="__span-2-2"><a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>(category1, 2), product1
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-3"><a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a>(category1, 3), product2
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-4"><a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a>(category2, 3), product1
|
|
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</span><span id="__span-2-5"><a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>(category2, 7), product3
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
|
<p>The <code>sales_rank</code> table could have the following structure:</p>
|
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|
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a>id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT
|
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</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>category_id int NOT NULL
|
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</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a>total_sold int NOT NULL
|
|
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</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a>product_id int NOT NULL
|
|
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</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>PRIMARY KEY(id)
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-3-6"><a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a>FOREIGN KEY(category_id) REFERENCES Categories(id)
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-3-7"><a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a>FOREIGN KEY(product_id) REFERENCES Products(id)
|
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|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
|
<p>We'll create an <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#use-good-indices">index</a> on <code>id</code>, <code>category_id</code>, and <code>product_id</code> to speed up lookups (log-time instead of scanning the entire table) and to keep the data in memory. Reading 1 MB sequentially from memory takes about 250 microseconds, while reading from SSD takes 4x and from disk takes 80x longer.<sup><a href=https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know>1</a></sup></p>
|
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<h3 id="use-case-user-views-the-past-weeks-most-popular-products-by-category">Use case: User views the past week's most popular products by category<a class="headerlink" href="#use-case-user-views-the-past-weeks-most-popular-products-by-category" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
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|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>The <strong>Client</strong> sends a request to the <strong>Web Server</strong>, running as a <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server">reverse proxy</a></li>
|
|
|
<li>The <strong>Web Server</strong> forwards the request to the <strong>Read API</strong> server</li>
|
|
|
<li>The <strong>Read API</strong> server reads from the <strong>SQL Database</strong> <code>sales_rank</code> table</li>
|
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|
</ul>
|
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|
<p>We'll use a public <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest"><strong>REST API</strong></a>:</p>
|
|
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<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a>$ curl https://amazon.com/api/v1/popular?category_id=1234
|
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</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
|
<p>Response:</p>
|
|
|
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a>{
|
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</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a> "id": "100",
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-3"><a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a> "category_id": "1234",
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-4"><a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a> "total_sold": "100000",
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-5-5"><a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a> "product_id": "50",
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-6"><a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a>},
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-7"><a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a>{
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-8"><a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a> "id": "53",
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-9"><a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a> "category_id": "1234",
|
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</span><span id="__span-5-10"><a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a> "total_sold": "90000",
|
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</span><span id="__span-5-11"><a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a> "product_id": "200",
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-5-12"><a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12" href="#__codelineno-5-12"></a>},
|
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</span><span id="__span-5-13"><a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13" href="#__codelineno-5-13"></a>{
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-5-14"><a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14" href="#__codelineno-5-14"></a> "id": "75",
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-5-15"><a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15" href="#__codelineno-5-15"></a> "category_id": "1234",
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-5-16"><a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16" href="#__codelineno-5-16"></a> "total_sold": "80000",
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-5-17"><a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17" href="#__codelineno-5-17"></a> "product_id": "3",
|
|
|
</span><span id="__span-5-18"><a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18" href="#__codelineno-5-18"></a>},
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
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|
|
<p>For internal communications, we could use <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc">Remote Procedure Calls</a>.</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="step-4-scale-the-design">Step 4: Scale the design<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-scale-the-design" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Identify and address bottlenecks, given the constraints.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/MzExP06.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/MzExP06.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>Important: Do not simply jump right into the final design from the initial design!</strong></p>
|
|
|
<p>State you would 1) <strong>Benchmark/Load Test</strong>, 2) <strong>Profile</strong> for bottlenecks 3) address bottlenecks while evaluating alternatives and trade-offs, and 4) repeat. See <a href="../scaling_aws/">Design a system that scales to millions of users on AWS</a> as a sample on how to iteratively scale the initial design.</p>
|
|
|
<p>It's important to discuss what bottlenecks you might encounter with the initial design and how you might address each of them. For example, what issues are addressed by adding a <strong>Load Balancer</strong> with multiple <strong>Web Servers</strong>? <strong>CDN</strong>? <strong>Master-Slave Replicas</strong>? What are the alternatives and <strong>Trade-Offs</strong> for each?</p>
|
|
|
<p>We'll introduce some components to complete the design and to address scalability issues. Internal load balancers are not shown to reduce clutter.</p>
|
|
|
<p><em>To avoid repeating discussions</em>, refer to the following <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#index-of-system-design-topics">system design topics</a> for main talking points, tradeoffs, and alternatives:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#domain-name-system">DNS</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#content-delivery-network">CDN</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#load-balancer">Load balancer</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling">Horizontal scaling</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server">Web server (reverse proxy)</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer">API server (application layer)</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache">Cache</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms">Relational database management system (RDBMS)</a></li>
|
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|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#fail-over">SQL write master-slave failover</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication">Master-slave replication</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#consistency-patterns">Consistency patterns</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#availability-patterns">Availability patterns</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>The <strong>Analytics Database</strong> could use a data warehousing solution such as Amazon Redshift or Google BigQuery.</p>
|
|
|
<p>We might only want to store a limited time period of data in the database, while storing the rest in a data warehouse or in an <strong>Object Store</strong>. An <strong>Object Store</strong> such as Amazon S3 can comfortably handle the constraint of 40 GB of new content per month.</p>
|
|
|
<p>To address the 40,000 <em>average</em> read requests per second (higher at peak), traffic for popular content (and their sales rank) should be handled by the <strong>Memory Cache</strong> instead of the database. The <strong>Memory Cache</strong> is also useful for handling the unevenly distributed traffic and traffic spikes. With the large volume of reads, the <strong>SQL Read Replicas</strong> might not be able to handle the cache misses. We'll probably need to employ additional SQL scaling patterns.</p>
|
|
|
<p>400 <em>average</em> writes per second (higher at peak) might be tough for a single <strong>SQL Write Master-Slave</strong>, also pointing to a need for additional scaling techniques.</p>
|
|
|
<p>SQL scaling patterns include:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation">Federation</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding">Sharding</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization">Denormalization</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning">SQL Tuning</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>We should also consider moving some data to a <strong>NoSQL Database</strong>.</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="additional-talking-points">Additional talking points<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-talking-points" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Additional topics to dive into, depending on the problem scope and time remaining.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h4 id="nosql">NoSQL<a class="headerlink" href="#nosql" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#key-value-store">Key-value store</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#document-store">Document store</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#wide-column-store">Wide column store</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#graph-database">Graph database</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql">SQL vs NoSQL</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="caching">Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#caching" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Where to cache<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#client-caching">Client caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cdn-caching">CDN caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#web-server-caching">Web server caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#database-caching">Database caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-caching">Application caching</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>What to cache<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-database-query-level">Caching at the database query level</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-object-level">Caching at the object level</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>When to update the cache<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache-aside">Cache-aside</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-through">Write-through</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-behind-write-back">Write-behind (write-back)</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#refresh-ahead">Refresh ahead</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
</ul>
|
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|
<h3 id="asynchronism-and-microservices">Asynchronism and microservices<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronism-and-microservices" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#message-queues">Message queues</a></li>
|
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|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#task-queues">Task queues</a></li>
|
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|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#back-pressure">Back pressure</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#microservices">Microservices</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
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<h3 id="communications">Communications<a class="headerlink" href="#communications" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Discuss tradeoffs:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>External communication with clients - <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest">HTTP APIs following REST</a></li>
|
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|
<li>Internal communications - <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc">RPC</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#service-discovery">Service discovery</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="security">Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>Refer to the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security">security section</a>.</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="latency-numbers">Latency numbers<a class="headerlink" href="#latency-numbers" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know">Latency numbers every programmer should know</a>.</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="ongoing">Ongoing<a class="headerlink" href="#ongoing" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Continue benchmarking and monitoring your system to address bottlenecks as they come up</li>
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|
|
<li>Scaling is an iterative process</li>
|
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</ul>
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最后更新:
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<span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-iso_date">2024-06-08</span>
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