|
|
|
|
|
<!doctype html>
|
|
|
<html lang="zh" class="no-js">
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<meta name="description" content="开发知识wiki">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<meta name="author" content="tink">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.cyub.vip/dev-wiki/system-design/system-design-primer/solutions/system_design/scaling_aws/">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="icon" href="../../../../../images/favicon.ico">
|
|
|
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.4.4">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<title>Design a system that scales to millions of users on AWS - 开发知识wiki</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../assets/stylesheets/main.bd3936ea.min.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../assets/stylesheets/palette.356b1318.min.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fira+Code:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CFira+Code:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
|
|
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Fira Code";--md-code-font:"Fira Code"}</style>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-enum-headings1.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-enum-headings2.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-enum-headings3.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-enum-headings4.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-enum-headings5.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-enum-headings6.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../css/print-site-material.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>__md_scope=new URL("../../../../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script id="__analytics">function __md_analytics(){function n(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],n("js",new Date),n("config",""),document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){document.forms.search&&document.forms.search.query.addEventListener("blur",function(){this.value&&n("event","search",{search_term:this.value})}),document$.subscribe(function(){var a=document.forms.feedback;if(void 0!==a)for(var e of a.querySelectorAll("[type=submit]"))e.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.preventDefault();var t=document.location.pathname,e=this.getAttribute("data-md-value");n("event","feedback",{page:t,data:e}),a.firstElementChild.disabled=!0;e=a.querySelector(".md-feedback__note [data-md-value='"+e+"']");e&&(e.hidden=!1)}),a.hidden=!1}),location$.subscribe(function(e){n("config","",{page_path:e.pathname})})});var e=document.createElement("script");e.async=!0,e.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=",document.getElementById("__analytics").insertAdjacentElement("afterEnd",e)}</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>"undefined"!=typeof __md_analytics&&__md_analytics()</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<link href="../../../../../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
|
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
|
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
|
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
|
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
|
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
|
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
|
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
|
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
|
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../../../../../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&"object"==typeof palette.color)for(var key of Object.keys(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,palette.color[key])</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
|
|
|
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
|
|
|
<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
|
|
|
<div data-md-component="skip">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="#design-a-system-that-scales-to-millions-of-users-on-aws" class="md-skip">
|
|
|
跳转至
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<div data-md-component="announce">
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<header class="md-header" data-md-component="header">
|
|
|
<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="页眉">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../.." title="开发知识wiki" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="开发知识wiki" data-md-component="logo">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 89 89">
|
|
|
<path d="M3.136,17.387l0,42.932l42.932,21.467l-42.932,-64.399Z" />
|
|
|
<path d="M21.91,8l42.933,64.398l-18.775,9.388l-42.932,-64.399l18.774,-9.387Z" style="fill-opacity: 0.5" />
|
|
|
<path d="M67.535,17.387l-27.262,18.156l21.878,32.818l5.384,2.691l0,-53.665Z" />
|
|
|
<path d="M67.535,17.387l0,53.666l18.774,-9.388l0,-53.665l-18.774,9.387Z" style="fill-opacity: 0.25" />
|
|
|
</svg>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
|
|
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
|
|
<div class="md-header__topic">
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
开发知识wiki
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Design a system that scales to millions of users on AWS
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_3" hidden>
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7a5 5 0 0 0-5 5 5 5 0 0 0 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1M8 13h8v-2H8v2m9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1 0 1.71-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4a5 5 0 0 0 5-5 5 5 0 0 0-5-5Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_2">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7H7a5 5 0 0 0-5 5 5 5 0 0 0 5 5h10a5 5 0 0 0 5-5 5 5 0 0 0-5-5m0 8a3 3 0 0 1-3-3 3 3 0 0 1 3-3 3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="black" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to system preference" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_3">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to system preference" for="__palette_2" hidden>
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7H7a5 5 0 0 0-5 5 5 5 0 0 0 5 5h10a5 5 0 0 0 5-5 5 5 0 0 0-5-5M7 15a3 3 0 0 1-3-3 3 3 0 0 1 3-3 3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</form>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
|
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
|
|
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
|
|
|
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
|
|
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="搜索" placeholder="搜索" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
|
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="查找">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="分享" aria-label="分享" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7 0-.24-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91 1.61 0 2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="清空当前内容" aria-label="清空当前内容" tabindex="-1">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</button>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-search__suggest" data-md-component="search-suggest"></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</form>
|
|
|
<div class="md-search__output">
|
|
|
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
|
|
|
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
|
|
|
正在初始化搜索引擎
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</header>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-tabs" aria-label="标签" data-md-component="tabs">
|
|
|
<div class="md-grid">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-tabs__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../.." class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
简介
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/io/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
操作系统
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-network/tcp/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
计算机网络
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/mysql/%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
数据库
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../language/Go/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
开发语言
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
系统设计
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../jupyter/Go-Frameworks-Github-Fork-Stats/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jupyter
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../video/os/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
视频
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-tabs__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/redis/" class="md-tabs__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
QA
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
|
|
|
<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
|
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary md-nav--lifted" aria-label="导航栏" data-md-level="0">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../.." title="开发知识wiki" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="开发知识wiki" data-md-component="logo">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 89 89">
|
|
|
<path d="M3.136,17.387l0,42.932l42.932,21.467l-42.932,-64.399Z" />
|
|
|
<path d="M21.91,8l42.933,64.398l-18.775,9.388l-42.932,-64.399l18.774,-9.387Z" style="fill-opacity: 0.5" />
|
|
|
<path d="M67.535,17.387l-27.262,18.156l21.878,32.818l5.384,2.691l0,-53.665Z" />
|
|
|
<path d="M67.535,17.387l0,53.666l18.774,-9.388l0,-53.665l-18.774,9.387Z" style="fill-opacity: 0.25" />
|
|
|
</svg>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
开发知识wiki
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../.." class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
简介
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
操作系统
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
操作系统
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/io/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
IO
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/proc/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
proc文件系统
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/nptl/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
NPTL
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2_4" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2_4" id="__nav_2_4_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
容器
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
容器
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../container/install/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
简介
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../container/image/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
镜像
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../container/cgroup/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
cgroup
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../container/namespace/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
namespace
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/command/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
常用命令
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/systemtap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Systemtap
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/cpu-arch/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
CPU架构
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-system/compiling-linux-kernel/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
编译Linux内核
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-network/tcp/" class="md-nav__link ">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
计算机网络
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
计算机网络
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../computer-network/http/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
HTTP
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
数据库
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
数据库
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_1" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_1" id="__nav_4_1_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
mysql
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_1">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
mysql
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/mysql/%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
概览
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/mysql/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
事务
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/mysql/%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
索引
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/mysql/FAQ/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
FAQ
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_2" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/elasticsearch/" class="md-nav__link ">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Elasticsearch
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_4_2" id="__nav_4_2_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_2">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
Elasticsearch
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/elasticsearch/memory/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
内存占用
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/elasticsearch/performance_tuning/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
性能调优
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/elasticsearch/production_configuring/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
生产配置参考
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/elasticsearch/doc_values_and_fielddata/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
docs value与 field data
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../database/redis/redis/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Redis
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
开发语言
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
开发语言
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../language/Go/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Go
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../" class="md-nav__link ">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
系统设计
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
系统设计
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../cache/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
缓存系统
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
系统设计入门
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_4" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/" class="md-nav__link ">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
what you should know
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6_4" id="__nav_6_4_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_4">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
what you should know
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/GPU/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
每个开发人员都应该了解 GPU 计算的知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/hardware/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
每个程序员都应该了解的硬件知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_4_4" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_4_4" id="__nav_6_4_4_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
每个程序员都应该了解的内存知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_4_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_4_4">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
每个程序员都应该了解的内存知识
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98%E9%83%BD%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E4%BA%86%E8%A7%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
【总结版】每个程序员都应该了解的内存知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/What%20Every%20Programmer%20Should%20Know%20About%20Memory.pdf" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
【英文】What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98%E9%83%BD%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E4%BA%86%E8%A7%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86.pdf" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
【中文】每个程序员都应该了解的内存知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_4_5" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_4_5" id="__nav_6_4_5_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
每个系统程序员都应该了解的并发知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_4_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_4_5">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
每个系统程序员都应该了解的并发知识
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../what-should-you-know/concurrency-primer.pdf" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
【英文】What every systems programmer should know about concurrency
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv26734224" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
【中文】每个系统程序员都应该了解的并发知识
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Jupyter
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
Jupyter
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../jupyter/Go-Frameworks-Github-Fork-Stats/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Go-Frameworks-Github-Fork-Stats
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../jupyter/Pandas%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Pandas完全指南
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7_3" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7_3" id="__nav_7_3_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Spark上手示例
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7_3">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
Spark上手示例
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../jupyter/Spark%E4%B8%8A%E6%89%8B%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B1%EF%BC%9ARDD%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Spark上手示例1：RDD操作
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../jupyter/Spark%E4%B8%8A%E6%89%8B%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B2%EF%BC%9ADataFrame%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Spark上手示例2：DataFrame操作
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
视频
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
视频
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../video/os/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
操作系统
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../video/Data%20structures/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
数据结构与算法
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../video/c_c%2B%2B/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
C/C++
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../video/Go/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Go
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
QA
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
QA
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/redis/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
redis
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
mysql
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/tcp/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
tcp
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/http/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
http
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/cache/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
缓存
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/nginx/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
nginx
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
消息队列
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/io/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
IO
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/protobuf/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
protobuf
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/go/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
go
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/dist/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
分布式
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/es/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
Elasticsearch
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/docker/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
docker
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../../../../qa/ref/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
参考资料
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
目录
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#step-1-outline-use-cases-and-constraints" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Step 1: Outline use cases and constraints
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Step 1: Outline use cases and constraints">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#use-cases" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Use cases
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Use cases">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#well-scope-the-problem-to-handle-only-the-following-use-cases" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
We'll scope the problem to handle only the following use cases
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#constraints-and-assumptions" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Constraints and assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Constraints and assumptions">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#state-assumptions" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
State assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#calculate-usage" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Calculate usage
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#step-2-create-a-high-level-design" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Step 2: Create a high level design
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#step-3-design-core-components" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Step 3: Design core components
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Step 3: Design core components">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#use-case-user-makes-a-read-or-write-request" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Use case: User makes a read or write request
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Use case: User makes a read or write request">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#goals" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Goals
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#start-with-a-single-box" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Start with a single box
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#start-with-sql-consider-nosql" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Start with SQL, consider NoSQL
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#assign-a-public-static-ip" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Assign a public static IP
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#use-a-dns" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Use a DNS
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#secure-the-web-server" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Secure the web server
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#step-4-scale-the-design" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Step 4: Scale the design
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Step 4: Scale the design">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#users" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Users+
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Users+">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#assumptions" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#goals_1" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Goals
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#store-static-content-separately" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Store static content separately
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#move-the-mysql-database-to-a-separate-box" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Move the MySQL database to a separate box
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#secure-the-system" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Secure the system
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#users_1" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Users++
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Users++">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#assumptions_1" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#goals_2" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Goals
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#users_2" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Users+++
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Users+++">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#assumptions_2" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#goals_3" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Goals
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#add-mysql-read-replicas" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Add MySQL read replicas
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#users_3" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Users++++
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Users++++">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#assumptions_3" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#goals_4" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Goals
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#add-autoscaling" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Add autoscaling
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#users_4" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Users+++++
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Users+++++">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#assumptions_4" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Assumptions
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#goals_5" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Goals
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#additional-talking-points" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Additional talking points
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Additional talking points">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#sql-scaling-patterns" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
SQL scaling patterns
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="SQL scaling patterns">
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#nosql" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
NoSQL
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#caching" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Caching
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#asynchronism-and-microservices" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Asynchronism and microservices
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#communications" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Communications
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#security" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Security
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#latency-numbers" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Latency numbers
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#ongoing" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
Ongoing
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
|
|
|
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h1 id="design-a-system-that-scales-to-millions-of-users-on-aws">Design a system that scales to millions of users on AWS<a class="headerlink" href="#design-a-system-that-scales-to-millions-of-users-on-aws" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
|
|
<p><em>Note: This document links directly to relevant areas found in the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#index-of-system-design-topics">system design topics</a> to avoid duplication. Refer to the linked content for general talking points, tradeoffs, and alternatives.</em></p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="step-1-outline-use-cases-and-constraints">Step 1: Outline use cases and constraints<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-outline-use-cases-and-constraints" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Gather requirements and scope the problem.
|
|
|
Ask questions to clarify use cases and constraints.
|
|
|
Discuss assumptions.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Without an interviewer to address clarifying questions, we'll define some use cases and constraints.</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="use-cases">Use cases<a class="headerlink" href="#use-cases" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>Solving this problem takes an iterative approach of: 1) <strong>Benchmark/Load Test</strong>, 2) <strong>Profile</strong> for bottlenecks 3) address bottlenecks while evaluating alternatives and trade-offs, and 4) repeat, which is good pattern for evolving basic designs to scalable designs.</p>
|
|
|
<p>Unless you have a background in AWS or are applying for a position that requires AWS knowledge, AWS-specific details are not a requirement. However, <strong>much of the principles discussed in this exercise can apply more generally outside of the AWS ecosystem.</strong></p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="well-scope-the-problem-to-handle-only-the-following-use-cases">We'll scope the problem to handle only the following use cases<a class="headerlink" href="#well-scope-the-problem-to-handle-only-the-following-use-cases" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><strong>User</strong> makes a read or write request<ul>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Service</strong> does processing, stores user data, then returns the results</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Service</strong> needs to evolve from serving a small amount of users to millions of users<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Discuss general scaling patterns as we evolve an architecture to handle a large number of users and requests</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Service</strong> has high availability</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="constraints-and-assumptions">Constraints and assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#constraints-and-assumptions" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<h4 id="state-assumptions">State assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#state-assumptions" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Traffic is not evenly distributed</li>
|
|
|
<li>Need for relational data</li>
|
|
|
<li>Scale from 1 user to tens of millions of users<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Denote increase of users as:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Users+</li>
|
|
|
<li>Users++</li>
|
|
|
<li>Users+++</li>
|
|
|
<li>...</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>10 million users</li>
|
|
|
<li>1 billion writes per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>100 billion reads per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>100:1 read to write ratio</li>
|
|
|
<li>1 KB content per write</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="calculate-usage">Calculate usage<a class="headerlink" href="#calculate-usage" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p><strong>Clarify with your interviewer if you should run back-of-the-envelope usage calculations.</strong></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>1 TB of new content per month<ul>
|
|
|
<li>1 KB per write * 1 billion writes per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>36 TB of new content in 3 years</li>
|
|
|
<li>Assume most writes are from new content instead of updates to existing ones</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>400 writes per second on average</li>
|
|
|
<li>40,000 reads per second on average</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>Handy conversion guide:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>2.5 million seconds per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>1 request per second = 2.5 million requests per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>40 requests per second = 100 million requests per month</li>
|
|
|
<li>400 requests per second = 1 billion requests per month</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="step-2-create-a-high-level-design">Step 2: Create a high level design<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-create-a-high-level-design" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Outline a high level design with all important components.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/B8LDKD7.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/B8LDKD7.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="step-3-design-core-components">Step 3: Design core components<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-design-core-components" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Dive into details for each core component.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h3 id="use-case-user-makes-a-read-or-write-request">Use case: User makes a read or write request<a class="headerlink" href="#use-case-user-makes-a-read-or-write-request" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<h4 id="goals">Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>With only 1-2 users, you only need a basic setup<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Single box for simplicity</li>
|
|
|
<li>Vertical scaling when needed</li>
|
|
|
<li>Monitor to determine bottlenecks</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="start-with-a-single-box">Start with a single box<a class="headerlink" href="#start-with-a-single-box" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Web server</strong> on EC2<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Storage for user data</li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms"><strong>MySQL Database</strong></a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>Use <strong>Vertical Scaling</strong>:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Simply choose a bigger box</li>
|
|
|
<li>Keep an eye on metrics to determine how to scale up<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Use basic monitoring to determine bottlenecks: CPU, memory, IO, network, etc</li>
|
|
|
<li>CloudWatch, top, nagios, statsd, graphite, etc</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Scaling vertically can get very expensive</li>
|
|
|
<li>No redundancy/failover</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>The alternative to <strong>Vertical Scaling</strong> is <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling"><strong>Horizontal scaling</strong></a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="start-with-sql-consider-nosql">Start with SQL, consider NoSQL<a class="headerlink" href="#start-with-sql-consider-nosql" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>The constraints assume there is a need for relational data. We can start off using a <strong>MySQL Database</strong> on the single box.</p>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms">Relational database management system (RDBMS)</a> section</li>
|
|
|
<li>Discuss reasons to use <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql">SQL or NoSQL</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="assign-a-public-static-ip">Assign a public static IP<a class="headerlink" href="#assign-a-public-static-ip" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Elastic IPs provide a public endpoint whose IP doesn't change on reboot</li>
|
|
|
<li>Helps with failover, just point the domain to a new IP</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="use-a-dns">Use a DNS<a class="headerlink" href="#use-a-dns" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Add a <strong>DNS</strong> such as Route 53 to map the domain to the instance's public IP.</p>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#domain-name-system">Domain name system</a> section</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="secure-the-web-server">Secure the web server<a class="headerlink" href="#secure-the-web-server" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Open up only necessary ports<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Allow the web server to respond to incoming requests from:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>80 for HTTP</li>
|
|
|
<li>443 for HTTPS</li>
|
|
|
<li>22 for SSH to only whitelisted IPs</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Prevent the web server from initiating outbound connections</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security">Security</a> section</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="step-4-scale-the-design">Step 4: Scale the design<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-scale-the-design" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Identify and address bottlenecks, given the constraints.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h3 id="users">Users+<a class="headerlink" href="#users" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/rrfjMXB.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/rrfjMXB.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="assumptions">Assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#assumptions" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Our user count is starting to pick up and the load is increasing on our single box. Our <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong> are pointing to the <strong>MySQL Database</strong> taking up more and more memory and CPU resources, while the user content is filling up disk space.</p>
|
|
|
<p>We've been able to address these issues with <strong>Vertical Scaling</strong> so far. Unfortunately, this has become quite expensive and it doesn't allow for independent scaling of the <strong>MySQL Database</strong> and <strong>Web Server</strong>.</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="goals_1">Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Lighten load on the single box and allow for independent scaling<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Store static content separately in an <strong>Object Store</strong></li>
|
|
|
<li>Move the <strong>MySQL Database</strong> to a separate box</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Disadvantages<ul>
|
|
|
<li>These changes would increase complexity and would require changes to the <strong>Web Server</strong> to point to the <strong>Object Store</strong> and the <strong>MySQL Database</strong></li>
|
|
|
<li>Additional security measures must be taken to secure the new components</li>
|
|
|
<li>AWS costs could also increase, but should be weighed with the costs of managing similar systems on your own</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="store-static-content-separately">Store static content separately<a class="headerlink" href="#store-static-content-separately" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Consider using a managed <strong>Object Store</strong> like S3 to store static content<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Highly scalable and reliable</li>
|
|
|
<li>Server side encryption</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Move static content to S3<ul>
|
|
|
<li>User files</li>
|
|
|
<li>JS</li>
|
|
|
<li>CSS</li>
|
|
|
<li>Images</li>
|
|
|
<li>Videos</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="move-the-mysql-database-to-a-separate-box">Move the MySQL database to a separate box<a class="headerlink" href="#move-the-mysql-database-to-a-separate-box" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Consider using a service like RDS to manage the <strong>MySQL Database</strong><ul>
|
|
|
<li>Simple to administer, scale</li>
|
|
|
<li>Multiple availability zones</li>
|
|
|
<li>Encryption at rest</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="secure-the-system">Secure the system<a class="headerlink" href="#secure-the-system" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Encrypt data in transit and at rest</li>
|
|
|
<li>Use a Virtual Private Cloud<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Create a public subnet for the single <strong>Web Server</strong> so it can send and receive traffic from the internet</li>
|
|
|
<li>Create a private subnet for everything else, preventing outside access</li>
|
|
|
<li>Only open ports from whitelisted IPs for each component</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>These same patterns should be implemented for new components in the remainder of the exercise</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security">Security</a> section</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="users_1">Users++<a class="headerlink" href="#users_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/raoFTXM.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/raoFTXM.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="assumptions_1">Assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#assumptions_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Our <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong> show that our single <strong>Web Server</strong> bottlenecks during peak hours, resulting in slow responses and in some cases, downtime. As the service matures, we'd also like to move towards higher availability and redundancy.</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="goals_2">Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals_2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>The following goals attempt to address the scaling issues with the <strong>Web Server</strong><ul>
|
|
|
<li>Based on the <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong>, you might only need to implement one or two of these techniques</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Use <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling"><strong>Horizontal Scaling</strong></a> to handle increasing loads and to address single points of failure<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Add a <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#load-balancer"><strong>Load Balancer</strong></a> such as Amazon's ELB or HAProxy<ul>
|
|
|
<li>ELB is highly available</li>
|
|
|
<li>If you are configuring your own <strong>Load Balancer</strong>, setting up multiple servers in <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#active-active">active-active</a> or <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#active-passive">active-passive</a> in multiple availability zones will improve availability</li>
|
|
|
<li>Terminate SSL on the <strong>Load Balancer</strong> to reduce computational load on backend servers and to simplify certificate administration</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Use multiple <strong>Web Servers</strong> spread out over multiple availability zones</li>
|
|
|
<li>Use multiple <strong>MySQL</strong> instances in <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication"><strong>Master-Slave Failover</strong></a> mode across multiple availability zones to improve redundancy</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Separate out the <strong>Web Servers</strong> from the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer"><strong>Application Servers</strong></a><ul>
|
|
|
<li>Scale and configure both layers independently</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Web Servers</strong> can run as a <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server"><strong>Reverse Proxy</strong></a></li>
|
|
|
<li>For example, you can add <strong>Application Servers</strong> handling <strong>Read APIs</strong> while others handle <strong>Write APIs</strong></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Move static (and some dynamic) content to a <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#content-delivery-network"><strong>Content Delivery Network (CDN)</strong></a> such as CloudFront to reduce load and latency</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the linked content above for details</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="users_2">Users+++<a class="headerlink" href="#users_2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/OZCxJr0.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/OZCxJr0.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>Note:</strong> <strong>Internal Load Balancers</strong> not shown to reduce clutter</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="assumptions_2">Assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#assumptions_2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Our <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong> show that we are read-heavy (100:1 with writes) and our database is suffering from poor performance from the high read requests.</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="goals_3">Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals_3" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>The following goals attempt to address the scaling issues with the <strong>MySQL Database</strong><ul>
|
|
|
<li>Based on the <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong>, you might only need to implement one or two of these techniques</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Move the following data to a <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache"><strong>Memory Cache</strong></a> such as Elasticache to reduce load and latency:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Frequently accessed content from <strong>MySQL</strong><ul>
|
|
|
<li>First, try to configure the <strong>MySQL Database</strong> cache to see if that is sufficient to relieve the bottleneck before implementing a <strong>Memory Cache</strong></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Session data from the <strong>Web Servers</strong><ul>
|
|
|
<li>The <strong>Web Servers</strong> become stateless, allowing for <strong>Autoscaling</strong></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Reading 1 MB sequentially from memory takes about 250 microseconds, while reading from SSD takes 4x and from disk takes 80x longer.<sup><a href=https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know>1</a></sup></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Add <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication"><strong>MySQL Read Replicas</strong></a> to reduce load on the write master</li>
|
|
|
<li>Add more <strong>Web Servers</strong> and <strong>Application Servers</strong> to improve responsiveness</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the linked content above for details</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="add-mysql-read-replicas">Add MySQL read replicas<a class="headerlink" href="#add-mysql-read-replicas" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>In addition to adding and scaling a <strong>Memory Cache</strong>, <strong>MySQL Read Replicas</strong> can also help relieve load on the <strong>MySQL Write Master</strong></li>
|
|
|
<li>Add logic to <strong>Web Server</strong> to separate out writes and reads</li>
|
|
|
<li>Add <strong>Load Balancers</strong> in front of <strong>MySQL Read Replicas</strong> (not pictured to reduce clutter)</li>
|
|
|
<li>Most services are read-heavy vs write-heavy</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms">Relational database management system (RDBMS)</a> section</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="users_3">Users++++<a class="headerlink" href="#users_3" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/3X8nmdL.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/3X8nmdL.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="assumptions_3">Assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#assumptions_3" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Our <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong> show that our traffic spikes during regular business hours in the U.S. and drop significantly when users leave the office. We think we can cut costs by automatically spinning up and down servers based on actual load. We're a small shop so we'd like to automate as much of the DevOps as possible for <strong>Autoscaling</strong> and for the general operations.</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="goals_4">Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals_4" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Add <strong>Autoscaling</strong> to provision capacity as needed<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Keep up with traffic spikes</li>
|
|
|
<li>Reduce costs by powering down unused instances</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Automate DevOps<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Chef, Puppet, Ansible, etc</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Continue monitoring metrics to address bottlenecks<ul>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Host level</strong> - Review a single EC2 instance</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Aggregate level</strong> - Review load balancer stats</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Log analysis</strong> - CloudWatch, CloudTrail, Loggly, Splunk, Sumo</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>External site performance</strong> - Pingdom or New Relic</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Handle notifications and incidents</strong> - PagerDuty</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Error Reporting</strong> - Sentry</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="add-autoscaling">Add autoscaling<a class="headerlink" href="#add-autoscaling" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Consider a managed service such as AWS <strong>Autoscaling</strong><ul>
|
|
|
<li>Create one group for each <strong>Web Server</strong> and one for each <strong>Application Server</strong> type, place each group in multiple availability zones</li>
|
|
|
<li>Set a min and max number of instances</li>
|
|
|
<li>Trigger to scale up and down through CloudWatch<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Simple time of day metric for predictable loads or</li>
|
|
|
<li>Metrics over a time period:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>CPU load</li>
|
|
|
<li>Latency</li>
|
|
|
<li>Network traffic</li>
|
|
|
<li>Custom metric</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Disadvantages<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Autoscaling can introduce complexity</li>
|
|
|
<li>It could take some time before a system appropriately scales up to meet increased demand, or to scale down when demand drops</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="users_4">Users+++++<a class="headerlink" href="#users_4" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://i.imgur.com/jj3A5N8.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Imgur" src="http://i.imgur.com/jj3A5N8.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>Note:</strong> <strong>Autoscaling</strong> groups not shown to reduce clutter</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="assumptions_4">Assumptions<a class="headerlink" href="#assumptions_4" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>As the service continues to grow towards the figures outlined in the constraints, we iteratively run <strong>Benchmarks/Load Tests</strong> and <strong>Profiling</strong> to uncover and address new bottlenecks.</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="goals_5">Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals_5" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>We'll continue to address scaling issues due to the problem's constraints:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>If our <strong>MySQL Database</strong> starts to grow too large, we might consider only storing a limited time period of data in the database, while storing the rest in a data warehouse such as Redshift<ul>
|
|
|
<li>A data warehouse such as Redshift can comfortably handle the constraint of 1 TB of new content per month</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>With 40,000 average read requests per second, read traffic for popular content can be addressed by scaling the <strong>Memory Cache</strong>, which is also useful for handling the unevenly distributed traffic and traffic spikes<ul>
|
|
|
<li>The <strong>SQL Read Replicas</strong> might have trouble handling the cache misses, we'll probably need to employ additional SQL scaling patterns</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>400 average writes per second (with presumably significantly higher peaks) might be tough for a single <strong>SQL Write Master-Slave</strong>, also pointing to a need for additional scaling techniques</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>SQL scaling patterns include:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation">Federation</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding">Sharding</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization">Denormalization</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning">SQL Tuning</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>To further address the high read and write requests, we should also consider moving appropriate data to a <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#nosql"><strong>NoSQL Database</strong></a> such as DynamoDB.</p>
|
|
|
<p>We can further separate out our <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer"><strong>Application Servers</strong></a> to allow for independent scaling. Batch processes or computations that do not need to be done in real-time can be done <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#asynchronism"><strong>Asynchronously</strong></a> with <strong>Queues</strong> and <strong>Workers</strong>:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>For example, in a photo service, the photo upload and the thumbnail creation can be separated:<ul>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Client</strong> uploads photo</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>Application Server</strong> puts a job in a <strong>Queue</strong> such as SQS</li>
|
|
|
<li>The <strong>Worker Service</strong> on EC2 or Lambda pulls work off the <strong>Queue</strong> then:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Creates a thumbnail</li>
|
|
|
<li>Updates a <strong>Database</strong></li>
|
|
|
<li>Stores the thumbnail in the <strong>Object Store</strong></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p><em>Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:</em></p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>See the linked content above for details</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="additional-talking-points">Additional talking points<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-talking-points" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Additional topics to dive into, depending on the problem scope and time remaining.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h3 id="sql-scaling-patterns">SQL scaling patterns<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-scaling-patterns" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication">Read replicas</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation">Federation</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding">Sharding</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization">Denormalization</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning">SQL Tuning</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="nosql">NoSQL<a class="headerlink" href="#nosql" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#key-value-store">Key-value store</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#document-store">Document store</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#wide-column-store">Wide column store</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#graph-database">Graph database</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql">SQL vs NoSQL</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="caching">Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#caching" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Where to cache<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#client-caching">Client caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cdn-caching">CDN caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#web-server-caching">Web server caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#database-caching">Database caching</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-caching">Application caching</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>What to cache<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-database-query-level">Caching at the database query level</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-object-level">Caching at the object level</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>When to update the cache<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache-aside">Cache-aside</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-through">Write-through</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-behind-write-back">Write-behind (write-back)</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#refresh-ahead">Refresh ahead</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="asynchronism-and-microservices">Asynchronism and microservices<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronism-and-microservices" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#message-queues">Message queues</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#task-queues">Task queues</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#back-pressure">Back pressure</a></li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#microservices">Microservices</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="communications">Communications<a class="headerlink" href="#communications" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Discuss tradeoffs:<ul>
|
|
|
<li>External communication with clients - <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest">HTTP APIs following REST</a></li>
|
|
|
<li>Internal communications - <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc">RPC</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#service-discovery">Service discovery</a></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h3 id="security">Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>Refer to the <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security">security section</a>.</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="latency-numbers">Latency numbers<a class="headerlink" href="#latency-numbers" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know">Latency numbers every programmer should know</a>.</p>
|
|
|
<h3 id="ongoing">Ongoing<a class="headerlink" href="#ongoing" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Continue benchmarking and monitoring your system to address bottlenecks as they come up</li>
|
|
|
<li>Scaling is an iterative process</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
<div class="md-source-file">
|
|
|
<small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
最后更新:
|
|
|
<span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-iso_date">2024-06-08</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</small>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</article>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8v12Z"/></svg>
|
|
|
回到页面顶部
|
|
|
</button>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</main>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<footer class="md-footer">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
|
|
|
<div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
|
|
|
<div class="md-copyright">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
|
|
Copyright © 2023 - 2024 Tink
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Made with
|
|
|
<a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
|
|
|
Material for MkDocs
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="md-social">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/squidfunk" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link">
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/squidfunk/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="hub.docker.com" class="md-social__link">
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M349.9 236.3h-66.1v-59.4h66.1v59.4zm0-204.3h-66.1v60.7h66.1V32zm78.2 144.8H362v59.4h66.1v-59.4zm-156.3-72.1h-66.1v60.1h66.1v-60.1zm78.1 0h-66.1v60.1h66.1v-60.1zm276.8 100c-14.4-9.7-47.6-13.2-73.1-8.4-3.3-24-16.7-44.9-41.1-63.7l-14-9.3-9.3 14c-18.4 27.8-23.4 73.6-3.7 103.8-8.7 4.7-25.8 11.1-48.4 10.7H2.4c-8.7 50.8 5.8 116.8 44 162.1 37.1 43.9 92.7 66.2 165.4 66.2 157.4 0 273.9-72.5 328.4-204.2 21.4.4 67.6.1 91.3-45.2 1.5-2.5 6.6-13.2 8.5-17.1l-13.3-8.9zm-511.1-27.9h-66v59.4h66.1v-59.4zm78.1 0h-66.1v59.4h66.1v-59.4zm78.1 0h-66.1v59.4h66.1v-59.4zm-78.1-72.1h-66.1v60.1h66.1v-60.1z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="https://pypi.org/project/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="pypi.org" class="md-social__link">
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.8 200.5c-7.7-30.9-22.3-54.2-53.4-54.2h-40.1v47.4c0 36.8-31.2 67.8-66.8 67.8H172.7c-29.2 0-53.4 25-53.4 54.3v101.8c0 29 25.2 46 53.4 54.3 33.8 9.9 66.3 11.7 106.8 0 26.9-7.8 53.4-23.5 53.4-54.3v-40.7H226.2v-13.6h160.2c31.1 0 42.6-21.7 53.4-54.2 11.2-33.5 10.7-65.7 0-108.6zM286.2 404c11.1 0 20.1 9.1 20.1 20.3 0 11.3-9 20.4-20.1 20.4-11 0-20.1-9.2-20.1-20.4.1-11.3 9.1-20.3 20.1-20.3zM167.8 248.1h106.8c29.7 0 53.4-24.5 53.4-54.3V91.9c0-29-24.4-50.7-53.4-55.6-35.8-5.9-74.7-5.6-106.8.1-45.2 8-53.4 24.7-53.4 55.6v40.7h106.9v13.6h-147c-31.1 0-58.3 18.7-66.8 54.2-9.8 40.7-10.2 66.1 0 108.6 7.6 31.6 25.7 54.2 56.8 54.2H101v-48.8c0-35.3 30.5-66.4 66.8-66.4zm-6.7-142.6c-11.1 0-20.1-9.1-20.1-20.3.1-11.3 9-20.4 20.1-20.4 11 0 20.1 9.2 20.1 20.4s-9 20.3-20.1 20.3z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="https://fosstodon.org/@squidfunk" target="_blank" rel="noopener me" title="fosstodon.org" class="md-social__link">
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M433 179.11c0-97.2-63.71-125.7-63.71-125.7-62.52-28.7-228.56-28.4-290.48 0 0 0-63.72 28.5-63.72 125.7 0 115.7-6.6 259.4 105.63 289.1 40.51 10.7 75.32 13 103.33 11.4 50.81-2.8 79.32-18.1 79.32-18.1l-1.7-36.9s-36.31 11.4-77.12 10.1c-40.41-1.4-83-4.4-89.63-54a102.54 102.54 0 0 1-.9-13.9c85.63 20.9 158.65 9.1 178.75 6.7 56.12-6.7 105-41.3 111.23-72.9 9.8-49.8 9-121.5 9-121.5zm-75.12 125.2h-46.63v-114.2c0-49.7-64-51.6-64 6.9v62.5h-46.33V197c0-58.5-64-56.6-64-6.9v114.2H90.19c0-122.1-5.2-147.9 18.41-175 25.9-28.9 79.82-30.8 103.83 6.1l11.6 19.5 11.6-19.5c24.11-37.1 78.12-34.8 103.83-6.1 23.71 27.3 18.4 53 18.4 175z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="https://twitter.com/squidfunk" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/></svg>
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</footer>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
|
|
|
<div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../../../../..", "features": ["announce.dismiss", "content.action.edit", "content.action.view", "content.code.annotate", "content.code.copy", "content.tooltips", "navigation.footer", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.sections", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.top", "navigation.tracking", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "toc.follow"], "search": "../../../../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.f886a092.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "\u5df2\u590d\u5236", "clipboard.copy": "\u590d\u5236", "search.result.more.one": "\u5728\u8be5\u9875\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.more.other": "\u5728\u8be5\u9875\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709 # \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.none": "\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.one": "\u627e\u5230 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.other": "# \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.placeholder": "\u952e\u5165\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u641c\u7d22", "search.result.term.missing": "\u7f3a\u5c11", "select.version": "\u9009\u62e9\u5f53\u524d\u7248\u672c"}}</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="../../../../../assets/javascripts/bundle.94c44541.min.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script src="../../../../../js/print-site.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
|
|
|
document$.subscribe(() => { lightbox.reload() });
|
|
|
</script></body>
|
|
|
</html> |