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<h1 id="nginx">Nginx<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="nginx_1">Nginx工作模式？<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Nginx采用master-worker模式，nginx启动成功后，会有一个master进程和至少一个worker进程；master进程负责处理系统信号、加载配置、管理worker进程；worker进程负责处理具体的业务逻辑。</p>
<p>nginx采用了异步非阻塞的工作方式，epoll模型：当有i/o事件产生时，epoll就会告诉进程哪个连接由i/o事件产生，然后进程就会处理这个事件。nginx配置use epoll后，以异步非阻塞的方式工作，能够处理百万计的并发连接。</p>
<p>master-worker模式的优缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>稳定性高</p>
<p>一个worker进程挂掉后master进程会立即启动一个新的worker进程，保证worker进程数量不变，降低服务中断的概率</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>高性能</p>
<p>Nginx 启动 N 个 worker, 并将 worker 和 cpu 进行绑定，每个 worker 有自己的 epoll 和 定时器，由于没有进程、线程切换开销，性能非常好。配合Linux的cpu亲和性的匹配中，可以充分利用多核cpu的优势，提升性能</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>支持平滑重启</p>
<p>处理信号、配置重新加载等可以做到尽可能不中断服务</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="nginx-location">Nginx Location 路径匹配规则是怎么样的？<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx-location" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>对于请求： <a href="http://example.com/static/img/logo.jpg">http://example.com/static/img/logo.jpg</a></p>
<ol>
<li>如果命中精确匹配，例如：</li>
</ol>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a>location = /static/img/logo.jpg {
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>}
</span></code></pre></div>
<p>则优先精确匹配，并终止匹配。</p>
<ol>
<li>如果命中多个前缀匹配，例如：</li>
</ol>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a>location /static/ {
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a>location /static/img/ {
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a>}
</span></code></pre></div>
<p>则记住最长的前缀匹配，即上例中的 /static/img/，并继续匹配</p>
<ol>
<li>如果最长的前缀匹配是优先前缀匹配，即：</li>
</ol>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a>location /static/ {
</span><span id="__span-2-2"><a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-2-3"><a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-2-4"><a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a>
</span><span id="__span-2-5"><a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>location ^~ /static/img/ {
</span><span id="__span-2-6"><a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a>
</span><span id="__span-2-7"><a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a>}
</span></code></pre></div>
<ol>
<li>否则，如果命中多个正则匹配，即：</li>
</ol>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a>location /static/ {
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>location /static/img/ {
</span><span id="__span-3-6"><a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-7"><a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-3-8"><a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-9"><a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a>location ~* /static/ {
</span><span id="__span-3-10"><a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-11"><a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-3-12"><a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12" href="#__codelineno-3-12"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-13"><a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13" href="#__codelineno-3-13"></a>location ~* /static/img/ {
</span><span id="__span-3-14"><a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14" href="#__codelineno-3-14"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-15"><a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15" href="#__codelineno-3-15"></a>}
</span></code></pre></div>
<p>则忘记上述 2 中的最长前缀匹配，使用第一个命中的正则匹配，即上例中的 location ~* /static/ ，并终止匹配（命中多个正则匹配，优先使用配置文件中出现次序的第一个）</p>
<ol>
<li>否则，命中上述 2 中记住的最长前缀匹配</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="nginx_2">Nginx的负载均衡策略有哪些？<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>负载均衡策略</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>轮询(rr)</td>
<td>负载均衡默认策略</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>weight</td>
<td>权重方式，权重越高分配到需要处理的请求越多，此策略比较适合服务器的硬件配置差别比较大的情况。此策略可以与least_conn和ip_hash结合使用。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ip_hash</td>
<td>依据ip分配方式，基于客户端IP的分配方式，确保了相同的客户端的请求一直发送到相同的服务器，实现会话粘滞目的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>least_conn</td>
<td>最少连接方式，把请求转发给连接数较少的后端服务器，可以达到更好的负载均衡效果</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fair（第三方）</td>
<td>响应时间方式</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>url_hash（第三方）</td>
<td>依据URL分配方式</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="nginx_3">nginx基于权重轮询平滑算法是怎么实现的？<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx_3" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>常规的基于权重的轮询调度算，假定a, b, c三台机器的负载能力分别是4:2:1，则可以给它们分配的权限为4, 2, 1。 这样轮询完一次后，a被调用4次，b被调用2次，c被调用1次。</p>
<p>对于普通的基于权重的轮询算法，可能会产生以下的调度顺序{a, a, a, a, b, b, c}。这样的调度顺序其实并不友好，它会一下子把大压力压到同一台机器上，这样会产生一个机器一下子很忙的情况。 于是乎，就有了平滑的基于权重的轮询算法。</p>
<p>所谓平滑就是调度不会集中压在同一台权重比较高的机器上。这样对所有机器都更加公平。 比如，对于{a:5, b:1, c:1}，产生{a, a, b, a, c, a, a}的调度序列就比{c, b, a, a, a, a, a} 更加平滑。</p>
<p><strong>算法逻辑：</strong></p>
<p>算法执行2步，选择出1个当前节点。</p>
<ol>
<li>用上次选择后的权重加上每个节点配置的权重，作为节点当前权重值，第一选择的时候，上次选择后的权重都是0</li>
<li>选择当前权重值最大的节点为选中节点，并把它的当前值减去所有节点的权重总和，作为选择后的权重值</li>
</ol>
<p>例如{a:5, b:1, c:1}三个节点。一开始我们初始化三个节点的当前值为{0, 0, 0}。 选择过程如下表：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>轮数</th>
<th>当前权重</th>
<th>选择节点</th>
<th>选择后的权重</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>{0, 0, 0}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>{5, 1, 1}</td>
<td>a</td>
<td>{-2, 1, 1}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>{3, 2, 2}</td>
<td>a</td>
<td>{-4, 2, 2}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>{1, 3, 3}</td>
<td>b</td>
<td>{1, -4, 3}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>{6, -3, 4}</td>
<td>a</td>
<td>{-1, -3, 4}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>{4, -2, 5}</td>
<td>c</td>
<td>{4, -2, -2}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>{9, -1, -1}</td>
<td>a</td>
<td>{2, -1, -1}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>{7, 0, 0}</td>
<td>a</td>
<td>{0, 0, 0}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>我们可以发现，a, b, c选择的次数符合5:1:1，而且权重大的不会被连接选择。7轮选择后， 当前值又回到{0, 0, 0}，以上操作可以一直循环，一样符合平滑和基于权重。</p>
<h2 id="nginx_4">nginx四层、七层负载均衡的有什么区别?<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx_4" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>四层就是基于IP+端口的负载均衡，通过虚拟IP+端口接收请求，然后再分配到真实的服务器；nginx修改数据包里面的目标和源IP和端口，然后把数据包发向目标服务器，服务器处理完成后，nginx再做一次修改，返回给请求的客户端。</p>
<p>七层通过虚拟的URL或主机名接收请求，然后再分配到真实的服务器。七层就是基于URL等应用层信息的负载均衡。Nginx需要读取并解析http请求内容，然后根据具体内容(url,参数，cookie,请求头)然后转发到相应的服务器，转发的过程是：建立和目标机器的连接，然后转发请求，收到响应数据在转发给请求客户端。</p>
<p>七层负载均衡是：</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a># cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.conf
</span><span id="__span-4-2"><a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a>upstream phpserver {
</span><span id="__span-4-3"><a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a> server192.168.2.3;
</span><span id="__span-4-4"><a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a> server192.168.2.4;
</span><span id="__span-4-5"><a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-4-6"><a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a>upstream htmlserver {
</span><span id="__span-4-7"><a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a> server192.168.2.1;
</span><span id="__span-4-8"><a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a> server192.168.2.2;
</span><span id="__span-4-9"><a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-4-10"><a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a>
</span><span id="__span-4-11"><a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11" href="#__codelineno-4-11"></a># /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
</span><span id="__span-4-12"><a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12" href="#__codelineno-4-12"></a>location / {
</span><span id="__span-4-13"><a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13" href="#__codelineno-4-13"></a> root /usr/share/nginx/html;
</span><span id="__span-4-14"><a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14" href="#__codelineno-4-14"></a> index index.html index.htm;
</span><span id="__span-4-15"><a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15" href="#__codelineno-4-15"></a> if ($request_uri ~*\.html$){
</span><span id="__span-4-16"><a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16" href="#__codelineno-4-16"></a> proxy_pass http://htmlserver;
</span><span id="__span-4-17"><a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17" href="#__codelineno-4-17"></a> }
</span><span id="__span-4-18"><a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18" href="#__codelineno-4-18"></a> if ($request_uri~* \.php$){
</span><span id="__span-4-19"><a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19" href="#__codelineno-4-19"></a> proxy_pass http://phpserver;
</span><span id="__span-4-20"><a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20" href="#__codelineno-4-20"></a> }
</span><span id="__span-4-21"><a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21" href="#__codelineno-4-21"></a>}
</span></code></pre></div>
<p>四层负载均衡：</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a># vim nginx.conf
</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a>worker_processes 1;
</span><span id="__span-5-3"><a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a>events {
</span><span id="__span-5-4"><a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a> worker_connections 1024;
</span><span id="__span-5-5"><a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a>}
</span><span id="__span-5-6"><a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a>stream { # 类似于7层的http段
</span><span id="__span-5-7"><a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a> upstream ssh_proxy {
</span><span id="__span-5-8"><a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a> hash $remote_addr consistent;
</span><span id="__span-5-9"><a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a> server 192.168.56.2:22;
</span><span id="__span-5-10"><a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a> server 192.168.56.3:22;
</span><span id="__span-5-11"><a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a> }
</span><span id="__span-5-12"><a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12" href="#__codelineno-5-12"></a> server {
</span><span id="__span-5-13"><a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13" href="#__codelineno-5-13"></a> listen 2222;
</span><span id="__span-5-14"><a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14" href="#__codelineno-5-14"></a> proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
</span><span id="__span-5-15"><a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15" href="#__codelineno-5-15"></a> proxy_timeout 3s;
</span><span id="__span-5-16"><a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16" href="#__codelineno-5-16"></a> proxy_pass ssh_proxy;
</span><span id="__span-5-17"><a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17" href="#__codelineno-5-17"></a> }
</span><span id="__span-5-18"><a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18" href="#__codelineno-5-18"></a>}
</span></code></pre></div>
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