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<meta name="description" content="闭包 # C语言中函数名称就是函数的首地址。Go语言中函数名称跟C语言一样，函数名指向函数的首地址，即函数的入口地址。从前面《 基础篇-函数-一等公民》那一章节我们知道Go 语言中函数是一等公民，它可以绑定变量，作函数参数，做函数返回值，那么它底层是怎么实现的呢？
我们先来了解下Function Value这个概念。
Function Value # Go 语言中函数是一等公民，函数可以绑定到变量，也可以做参数传递以及做函数返回值。Golang把这样的参数、返回值、变量称为Function value。
Go 语言中Function value本质上是一个指针，但是其并不直接指向函数的入口地址，而是指向的runtime.funcval( runtime/runtime2.go)这个结构体。该结构体中的fn字段存储的是函数的入口地址：
type funcval struct { fn uintptr // variable-size, fn-specific data here } 我们以下面这段代码为例来看下Function value是如何使用的:
func A(i int) { i&#43;&#43; fmt.Println(i) } func B() { f1 := A f1(1) } func C() { f2 := A f2(2) } 上面代码中，函数A被赋值给变量f1和f2，这种情况下编译器会做出优化，让f1和f2共用一个funcval结构体，该结构体是在编译阶段分配到数据段的只读区域(.rodata)。如下图所示那样，f1和f2都指向了该结构体的地址addr2，该结构体的fn字段存储了函数A的入口地址addr1：
.. image:: https://static.cyub.vip/images/202105/fuc_var.png :alt: Go语言函数调用栈 :width: 400px :align: center 为什么f1和f2需要通过了一个二级指针来获取到真正的函数入口地址，而不是直接将f1，f2指向函数入口地址addr1。关于这个原因就涉及到Golang中闭包设计与实现了。
闭包 # 闭包(Closure)通俗点讲就是能够访问外部函数内部变量的函数。像这样能被访问的变量通常被称为捕获变量。
闭包函数指令在编译阶段生成，但因为每个闭包对象都要保存自己捕获的变量，所以要等到执行阶段才创建对应的闭包对象。我们来看下下面闭包的例子：">
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<meta property="og:description" content="闭包 # C语言中函数名称就是函数的首地址。Go语言中函数名称跟C语言一样，函数名指向函数的首地址，即函数的入口地址。从前面《 基础篇-函数-一等公民》那一章节我们知道Go 语言中函数是一等公民，它可以绑定变量，作函数参数，做函数返回值，那么它底层是怎么实现的呢？
我们先来了解下Function Value这个概念。
Function Value # Go 语言中函数是一等公民，函数可以绑定到变量，也可以做参数传递以及做函数返回值。Golang把这样的参数、返回值、变量称为Function value。
Go 语言中Function value本质上是一个指针，但是其并不直接指向函数的入口地址，而是指向的runtime.funcval( runtime/runtime2.go)这个结构体。该结构体中的fn字段存储的是函数的入口地址：
type funcval struct { fn uintptr // variable-size, fn-specific data here } 我们以下面这段代码为例来看下Function value是如何使用的:
func A(i int) { i&#43;&#43; fmt.Println(i) } func B() { f1 := A f1(1) } func C() { f2 := A f2(2) } 上面代码中，函数A被赋值给变量f1和f2，这种情况下编译器会做出优化，让f1和f2共用一个funcval结构体，该结构体是在编译阶段分配到数据段的只读区域(.rodata)。如下图所示那样，f1和f2都指向了该结构体的地址addr2，该结构体的fn字段存储了函数A的入口地址addr1：
.. image:: https://static.cyub.vip/images/202105/fuc_var.png :alt: Go语言函数调用栈 :width: 400px :align: center 为什么f1和f2需要通过了一个二级指针来获取到真正的函数入口地址，而不是直接将f1，f2指向函数入口地址addr1。关于这个原因就涉及到Golang中闭包设计与实现了。
闭包 # 闭包(Closure)通俗点讲就是能够访问外部函数内部变量的函数。像这样能被访问的变量通常被称为捕获变量。
闭包函数指令在编译阶段生成，但因为每个闭包对象都要保存自己捕获的变量，所以要等到执行阶段才创建对应的闭包对象。我们来看下下面闭包的例子：" />
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<article class="markdown"><h1 id="闭包">
闭包
<a class="anchor" href="#%e9%97%ad%e5%8c%85">#</a>
</h1>
<p>C语言中函数名称就是函数的首地址。Go语言中函数名称跟C语言一样，函数名指向函数的首地址，即函数的入口地址。从前面《
<a href="../first-class">基础篇-函数-一等公民</a>》那一章节我们知道Go 语言中函数是一等公民，它可以绑定变量，作函数参数，做函数返回值，那么它底层是怎么实现的呢？</p>
<p>我们先来了解下<code>Function Value</code>这个概念。</p>
<h2 id="function-value">
Function Value
<a class="anchor" href="#function-value">#</a>
</h2>
<p>Go 语言中函数是一等公民，函数可以绑定到变量，也可以做参数传递以及做函数返回值。Golang把这样的参数、返回值、变量称为<strong>Function value</strong>。</p>
<p>Go 语言中<strong>Function value</strong>本质上是一个指针，但是其并不直接指向函数的入口地址，而是指向的<code>runtime.funcval</code>(
<a href="https://github.com/cyub/go-1.14.13/blob/master/src/runtime/runtime2.go#L195-L198">runtime/runtime2.go</a>)这个结构体。该结构体中的fn字段存储的是函数的入口地址：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">funcval</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uintptr</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// variable-size, fn-specific data here
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>我们以下面这段代码为例来看下<strong>Function value</strong>是如何使用的:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">A</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">B</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">A</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f1</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">C</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">A</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f2</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>上面代码中，函数A被赋值给变量f1和f2，这种情况下编译器会做出优化，让f1和f2共用一个funcval结构体，该结构体是在编译阶段分配到数据段的只读区域(.rodata)。如下图所示那样，f1和f2都指向了该结构体的地址addr2，该结构体的fn字段存储了函数A的入口地址addr1：</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code class="language-eval_rst" data-lang="eval_rst">.. image:: https://static.cyub.vip/images/202105/fuc_var.png
:alt: Go语言函数调用栈
:width: 400px
:align: center
</code></pre><p>为什么f1和f2需要通过了一个二级指针来获取到真正的函数入口地址，而不是直接将f1，f2指向函数入口地址addr1。关于这个原因就涉及到Golang中闭包设计与实现了。</p>
<h2 id="闭包-1">
闭包
<a class="anchor" href="#%e9%97%ad%e5%8c%85-1">#</a>
</h2>
<p>闭包(Closure)通俗点讲就是能够访问外部函数内部变量的函数。像这样能被访问的变量通常被称为捕获变量。</p>
<p>闭包函数指令在编译阶段生成，但因为每个闭包对象都要保存自己捕获的变量，所以要等到执行阶段才创建对应的闭包对象。我们来看下下面闭包的例子：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">A</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">A</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">A</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> print(<span style="color:#a6e22e">f1</span>())
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">pirnt</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">f2</span>())
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>上面代码中当执行main函数时，会在其栈帧区间内为局部变量f1和f2分配栈空间，当执行第一个A函数时候，会在其栈帧空间分配栈空间来存放局部变量i，然后在堆上分配一个funcval结构体（其地址假定addr2)，该结构体的fn字段存储的是A函数内那个闭包函数的入口地址（其地址假定为addr1）。A函数除了分配一个funcval结构体外，还会挨着该结构体分配闭包函数的变量捕获列表，该捕获列表里面只有一个变量i。由于捕获列表的存在，所以说<strong>闭包函数是一个有状态函数</strong>。</p>
<p>当A函数执行完毕后，其返回值赋值给f1，此时f1指向的就是地址addr2。同理下来f2指向地址addr3。f1和f2都能通过funcval取到了闭包函数入口地址，但拥有不同的捕获列表。</p>
<p>当执行f1()时候，Go 语言会将其对应funcval地址存储到特定寄存器（比如amd64平台中使用rax寄存器），这样在闭包函数中就可以通过该寄存器取出funcval地址，然后通过偏移找到每一个捕获的变量。由此可以看出来<strong>Golang中闭包就是有捕获列表的Function value</strong>。</p>
<p>根据上面描述，我们画出内存布局图：</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code class="language-eval_rst" data-lang="eval_rst">.. image:: https://static.cyub.vip/images/202105/func_clo.png
:alt: Go语言函数调用栈
:width: 400px
:align: center
</code></pre><p>若闭包捕获的变量会发生改变，编译器会智能的将该变量逃逸到堆上，这样外部函数和闭包引用的是同一个变量，此时不再是变量值的拷贝。这也是为什么下面代码总是打印循环的最后面一个值。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fns</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make([]<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(), <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> &lt; <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fns</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">fns</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> println(<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> })
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">range</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fns</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// 最后输出5个5，而不是0，1，2，3，4
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>感兴趣的可以仿造上图，画出上面代码的内存布局图。重点关注闭包函数捕获的不是值拷贝，而是引用一个堆变量。</p>
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