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<meta name="description" content="一等公民 # Go语言中函数是一等公民（first class)，因为它既可以作为变量，也可作为函数参数，函数返回值。Go语言还支持匿名函数，闭包，函数返回多个值。
一等公民特征 # 函数赋值给一个变量 # func add(a, b int) int { return a &#43; b } func main() { fn := add fmt.Println(fn(1, 2)) // 3 } 函数作为返回值 # func pow(a int) func(int) int { return func(b int) int { result := 1 for i := 0; i &lt; b; i&#43;&#43; { result *= a } return result } } func main() { powOfTwo := pow(2) // 2的x次幂 fmt.">
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<meta property="og:description" content="一等公民 # Go语言中函数是一等公民（first class)，因为它既可以作为变量，也可作为函数参数，函数返回值。Go语言还支持匿名函数，闭包，函数返回多个值。
一等公民特征 # 函数赋值给一个变量 # func add(a, b int) int { return a &#43; b } func main() { fn := add fmt.Println(fn(1, 2)) // 3 } 函数作为返回值 # func pow(a int) func(int) int { return func(b int) int { result := 1 for i := 0; i &lt; b; i&#43;&#43; { result *= a } return result } } func main() { powOfTwo := pow(2) // 2的x次幂 fmt." />
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<strong>Go函数是一等公民</strong>
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<article class="markdown"><h1 id="一等公民">
一等公民
<a class="anchor" href="#%e4%b8%80%e7%ad%89%e5%85%ac%e6%b0%91">#</a>
</h1>
<p>Go语言中函数是一等公民（first class)，因为它既可以作为变量，也可作为函数参数，函数返回值。Go语言还支持匿名函数，闭包，函数返回多个值。</p>
<h2 id="一等公民特征">
一等公民特征
<a class="anchor" href="#%e4%b8%80%e7%ad%89%e5%85%ac%e6%b0%91%e7%89%b9%e5%be%81">#</a>
</h2>
<h3 id="函数赋值给一个变量">
函数赋值给一个变量
<a class="anchor" href="#%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e8%b5%8b%e5%80%bc%e7%bb%99%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e5%8f%98%e9%87%8f">#</a>
</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">add</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#f92672">+</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">add</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">// 3
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="函数作为返回值">
函数作为返回值
<a class="anchor" href="#%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e4%bd%9c%e4%b8%ba%e8%bf%94%e5%9b%9e%e5%80%bc">#</a>
</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">pow</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> &lt; <span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>; <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">powOfTwo</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">pow</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// 2的x次幂
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">powOfTwo</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">// 8
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">powOfTwo</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">// 16
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">powOfThree</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">pow</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// 3的x次幂
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">powOfThree</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">// 27
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">powOfThree</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">// 81
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="函数作为函数参数传递">
函数作为函数参数传递
<a class="anchor" href="#%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e4%bd%9c%e4%b8%ba%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e5%8f%82%e6%95%b0%e4%bc%a0%e9%80%92">#</a>
</h3>
<p>下面示例中使用匿名函数作为函数参数传递另外一个函数。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">filter</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">bool</span>) (<span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">range</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span>) {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">result</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">data</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> []<span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">3</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 传递奇数过滤器函子，过滤出奇数
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">filter</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">data</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">bool</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span><span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> })) <span style="color:#75715e">// 1, 3, 5
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 过滤出偶数
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">filter</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">data</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">bool</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">a</span><span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> })) <span style="color:#75715e">// 2, 4
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="使用闭包函数构建一个生成器">
使用闭包函数构建一个生成器
<a class="anchor" href="#%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8%e9%97%ad%e5%8c%85%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e6%9e%84%e5%bb%ba%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e7%94%9f%e6%88%90%e5%99%a8">#</a>
</h3>
<p>生成器指的是每次调用时候总是返回下一序列值。下面演示一个整数的生成器：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">generateInteger</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ch</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make(<span style="color:#66d9ef">chan</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">count</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">go</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ch</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&lt;-</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">count</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">count</span><span style="color:#f92672">++</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&lt;-</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">ch</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">generate</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">generateInteger</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">generate</span>()) <span style="color:#75715e">// 0
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">generate</span>()) <span style="color:#75715e">// 1
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">generate</span>()) <span style="color:#75715e">// 2
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="函数式编程">
函数式编程
<a class="anchor" href="#%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e5%bc%8f%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b">#</a>
</h2>
<p>函数式编程（functional programming）是一种编程范式，其核心思想是将复杂的操作采用函数嵌套、组合调用方式来处理。函数式编程一大特征是函数是一等公民，Go语言中函数是一等公民，但是由于其不支持泛型，Go语言中采用函数式编程有时候是无法通用性的。比如上面的过滤器示例，当想要支持过滤int64类型的，就需要重写一遍或者传递interface{}参数。</p>
<h3 id="高阶函数">
高阶函数
<a class="anchor" href="#%e9%ab%98%e9%98%b6%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0">#</a>
</h3>
<p>高阶函数（Higher-order function）指的是至少满足下列一个条件的函数：</p>
<ul>
<li>接受一个或多个函数作为输入</li>
<li>输出一个函数</li>
</ul>
<p>高阶函数是函数式编程中常用范式，常见使用案例有：</p>
<ul>
<li>过滤器</li>
<li>apply函数</li>
<li>排序函数</li>
<li>回调函数</li>
<li>函数柯里化</li>
<li>合成函数</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="进一步阅读">
进一步阅读
<a class="anchor" href="#%e8%bf%9b%e4%b8%80%e6%ad%a5%e9%98%85%e8%af%bb">#</a>
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://deepu.tech/functional-programming-in-go/">7 Easy functional programming techniques in Go</a></li>
</ul>
</article>
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