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<meta name="description" content="恐慌与恢复 - panic/recover # 我们知道Go语言中许多错误会在编译时暴露出来，直接编译不通过，但对于空指针访问元素，切片/数组越界访问之类的运行时错误，只会在运行时引发 panic 异常暴露出来。这种由Go语言自动的触发的 panic 异常属于运行时panic(Run-time panics)1。当发生 panic 时候，Go会运行所有已经注册的延迟函数，若延迟函数中未进行panic异常捕获处理，那么最终Go进程会终止，并打印堆栈信息。此外Go中还内置了 panic 函数，可以用于用户手动触发panic。
Go语言中内置的 recover 函数可以用来捕获 panic异常，但 recover 函数只能放在延迟函数调用中，才能起作用。我们从之前的章节《 基础篇-语言特性-defer函数 》了解到，多个延迟函数，会组成一个链表。Go在发生panic过程中，会依次遍历该链表，并检查链表中的延迟函数是否调用了 recover 函数调用，若调用了则 panic 异常会被捕获而不会继续向上抛出，否则会继续向上抛出异常和执行延迟函数，直到该 panic 没有被捕获，进程异常终止，这个过程叫做panicking。我们需要知道的是即使panic被延迟函数链表中某个延迟函数捕获处理了，但其他的延迟函数还是会继续执行的，只是panic异常不在继续抛出。
接下来我们来将深入了解下panic和recover底层的实现机制。在开始之前，我们来看下下面的测试题。
测试题：下面哪些panic异常将会捕获？ # case 1:
func main() { recover() panic(&#34;it is panic&#34;) // not recover } case 2:
func main() { defer func() { recover() }() panic(&#34;it is panic&#34;) // recover } case 3:
func main() { defer recover() panic(&#34;it is panic&#34;) // not recover } case 4:">
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<meta property="og:description" content="恐慌与恢复 - panic/recover # 我们知道Go语言中许多错误会在编译时暴露出来，直接编译不通过，但对于空指针访问元素，切片/数组越界访问之类的运行时错误，只会在运行时引发 panic 异常暴露出来。这种由Go语言自动的触发的 panic 异常属于运行时panic(Run-time panics)1。当发生 panic 时候，Go会运行所有已经注册的延迟函数，若延迟函数中未进行panic异常捕获处理，那么最终Go进程会终止，并打印堆栈信息。此外Go中还内置了 panic 函数，可以用于用户手动触发panic。
Go语言中内置的 recover 函数可以用来捕获 panic异常，但 recover 函数只能放在延迟函数调用中，才能起作用。我们从之前的章节《 基础篇-语言特性-defer函数 》了解到，多个延迟函数，会组成一个链表。Go在发生panic过程中，会依次遍历该链表，并检查链表中的延迟函数是否调用了 recover 函数调用，若调用了则 panic 异常会被捕获而不会继续向上抛出，否则会继续向上抛出异常和执行延迟函数，直到该 panic 没有被捕获，进程异常终止，这个过程叫做panicking。我们需要知道的是即使panic被延迟函数链表中某个延迟函数捕获处理了，但其他的延迟函数还是会继续执行的，只是panic异常不在继续抛出。
接下来我们来将深入了解下panic和recover底层的实现机制。在开始之前，我们来看下下面的测试题。
测试题：下面哪些panic异常将会捕获？ # case 1:
func main() { recover() panic(&#34;it is panic&#34;) // not recover } case 2:
func main() { defer func() { recover() }() panic(&#34;it is panic&#34;) // recover } case 3:
func main() { defer recover() panic(&#34;it is panic&#34;) // not recover } case 4:" />
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<strong>panic与recover机制</strong>
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<article class="markdown"><h1 id="恐慌与恢复---panicrecover">
恐慌与恢复 - panic/recover
<a class="anchor" href="#%e6%81%90%e6%85%8c%e4%b8%8e%e6%81%a2%e5%a4%8d---panicrecover">#</a>
</h1>
<p>我们知道Go语言中许多错误会在编译时暴露出来，直接编译不通过，但对于空指针访问元素，切片/数组越界访问之类的运行时错误，只会在运行时引发 <code>panic</code> 异常暴露出来。这种由Go语言自动的触发的 <code>panic</code> 异常属于<strong>运行时panic(Run-time panics)</strong><sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup>。当发生 <code>panic</code> 时候，Go会运行所有已经注册的延迟函数，若延迟函数中未进行panic异常捕获处理，那么最终Go进程会终止，并打印堆栈信息。此外Go中还内置了 <code>panic</code> 函数，可以用于用户手动触发<code>panic</code>。</p>
<p>Go语言中内置的 <code>recover</code> 函数可以用来捕获 <code>panic</code>异常，但 <code>recover</code> 函数只能放在延迟函数调用中，才能起作用。我们从之前的章节《<strong>
<a href="/feature/defer/">基础篇-语言特性-defer函数</a></strong> 》了解到，多个延迟函数，会组成一个链表。Go在发生panic过程中，会依次遍历该链表，并检查链表中的延迟函数是否调用了 <code>recover</code> 函数调用，若调用了则 <code>panic</code> 异常会被捕获而不会继续向上抛出，否则会继续向上抛出异常和执行延迟函数，直到该 <code>panic</code> 没有被捕获，进程异常终止，这个过程叫做<strong>panicking</strong>。我们需要知道的是<strong>即使panic被延迟函数链表中某个延迟函数捕获处理了，但其他的延迟函数还是会继续执行的，只是panic异常不在继续抛出</strong>。</p>
<p>接下来我们来将深入了解下panic和recover底层的实现机制。在开始之前，我们来看下下面的测试题。</p>
<h2 id="测试题下面哪些panic异常将会捕获">
测试题：下面哪些panic异常将会捕获？
<a class="anchor" href="#%e6%b5%8b%e8%af%95%e9%a2%98%e4%b8%8b%e9%9d%a2%e5%93%aa%e4%ba%9bpanic%e5%bc%82%e5%b8%b8%e5%b0%86%e4%bc%9a%e6%8d%95%e8%8e%b7">#</a>
</h2>
<p><strong>case 1:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// not recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>case 2:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>case 3:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// not recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>case 4:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>case 5:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// not recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>case 6:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">doRecover</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">doRecover</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;hello&#34;</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>case 7:</strong></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">doRecover</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> panic(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;it is panic&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// recover
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">doRecover</span>() {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> recover()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>简单说明下上面几个案例运行结果：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>case 1</code>中recover函数调用不是在defer延迟函数里面，肯定不会捕获panic异常。</li>
<li><code>case 2</code>中是panic异常捕获的标准操作，是可以捕获panic异常的，<code>case 6</code>跟<code>case 2</code>是一样的，只不过一个是匿名延迟函数，一个是具名延迟函数，同样可以捕获panic异常。</li>
<li><code>case 3</code>中recover函数作为延迟函数，没有在其他延迟函数中调用，它也是不起作用的。</li>
<li><code>case 4</code>中recover函数被一个延迟函数调用，且recover函数本身作为一个延迟函数，这个情况下也是可以正常捕获panic异常的，<code>case 7</code>跟<code>case 4</code>是一样的，只不过一个是匿名延迟函数，一个是具名延迟函数，同样可以捕获panic异常。</li>
<li><code>case 5</code>中尽管recover函数被延迟函数调用，但它却无法捕获panic异常。</li>
</ul>
<p>从上面案例中可以看出来，使用recover函数进行panic异常捕获，也要使用正确才能起作用。下面会分析源码，探讨panic-recover实现机制，也能更好帮助你理解为什么<code>case 2</code>,<code>case 4</code>可以起作用，而<code>case 3</code>和<code>case 5</code>为啥没有起作用。</p>
<h2 id="源码分析">
源码分析
<a class="anchor" href="#%e6%ba%90%e7%a0%81%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90">#</a>
</h2>
<p>我们先分析<code>case 2</code>案例，我们可以通过<code>go tool compile -N -l -S case2.go</code>获取
<a href="https://go.godbolt.org/z/713T1TvoG">汇编代码</a>，来查看panic和recover在底层真正的实现：</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;;width:100%">
<pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;display:grid;"><code class="language-shell" data-lang="shell"><span style="display:flex;"><span>main_pc0:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> TEXT <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>.main<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, ABIInternal, $104-0
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ <span style="color:#f92672">(</span>TLS<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, CX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> CMPQ SP, 16<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>CX<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> JLS main_pc113
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> SUBQ $104, SP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ BP, 96<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ 96<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, BP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVL $0, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>..autotmp_1+16<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>.main.func1·f<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ AX, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>..autotmp_1+40<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>..autotmp_1+16<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ AX, <span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> CALL runtime.deferprocStack<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> TESTL AX, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> JNE main_pc97
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> JMP main_pc69
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>main_pc69:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ type.string<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ AX, <span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>..stmp_0<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ AX, 8<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex; background-color:#3c3d38"><span> CALL runtime.gopanic<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>main_pc97:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> XCHGL AX, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> CALL runtime.deferreturn<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ 96<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, BP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> ADDQ $104, SP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> RET
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>main_pc113:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> NOP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> CALL runtime.morestack_noctxt<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> JMP main_pc0
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>main_func1_pc0:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> TEXT <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>.main.func1<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, ABIInternal, $32-0
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ <span style="color:#f92672">(</span>TLS<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, CX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> CMPQ SP, 16<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>CX<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> JLS main_func1_pc53
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> SUBQ $32, SP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ BP, 24<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ 24<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, BP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> LEAQ <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;&#34;</span>..fp+40<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, AX
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ AX, <span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex; background-color:#3c3d38"><span> CALL runtime.gorecover<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> MOVQ 24<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SP<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>, BP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> ADDQ $32, SP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> RET
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>main_func1_pc53:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> NOP
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> CALL runtime.morestack_noctxt<span style="color:#f92672">(</span>SB<span style="color:#f92672">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> JMP main_func1_pc0</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<p>从上面汇编代码中，可以看出 <code>panic</code> 函数底层实现 <code>runtime.gopanic</code>，<code>recover</code> 函数底层实现是 <code>runtime.gorecover</code>。</p>
<p>panic函数底层实现的 <code>runtime.gopanic</code> 源码如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gopanic</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">e</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">interface</span>{}) {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">getg</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#f92672">...</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 一些判断当前g是否允许在用户栈，是否正在内存分配的代码，略
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// panic底层数据结构是_panic
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">arg</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">e</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// e是panic函数的参数，对应case2中的: it is panic
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = (<span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>)(<span style="color:#a6e22e">noescape</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>))) <span style="color:#75715e">// 将当前panic挂到g上面
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">atomic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Xadd</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">runningPanicDefers</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// 记录正在执行panic的goroutine数量，防止main groutine返回时候，
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 其他goroutine的panic栈信息未打印出来。@see https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.14.13/src/runtime/proc.go#L208-L220
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 对于open-coded defer实现的延迟函数，需要扫描FUNCDATA_OpenCodedDeferInfo信息，
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 获取延迟函数的sp/pc信息，并创建_defer结构，将其插入gp._defer链表中
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 这是也是在defer函数章节中，提到的为啥open-coded defer提升了延迟函数的性能，而panic性能却降低的原因
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">addOneOpenDeferFrame</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">getcallerpc</span>(), <span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">getcallersp</span>()))
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// 开始遍历defer链表
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">break</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 当延迟函数里面再次抛出panic或者调用runtime.Goexit时候，
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 会再次进入同一个延迟函数，此时d.started已经设置为true状态
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">started</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// 标记上一个_panic状态为aborted
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">aborted</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> !<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">openDefer</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 对于非open-coded defer函数，我们需要将_defer从gp._defer链表中溢出去，防止继续重复执行
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">freedefer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">continue</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 标记当前defer开始执行，这样当g栈增长时候或者垃圾回收时候，可以更新defer的参数栈帧
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">started</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 记录当前的_panic信息到_defer结构中，这样当该defer函数再次发生panic时候，可以标记d._panic为aborted状态
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = (<span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>)(<span style="color:#a6e22e">noescape</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>)))
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">done</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">openDefer</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// 如果该延迟函数是open-coded defer函数
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">done</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">runOpenDeferFrame</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// 运行open-coded defer函数，如果当前栈下面没有其他延迟函数，则返回true
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">done</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> !<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">recovered</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// 如果当前栈下面没有其他open-coded defer函数了，且panic也未recover，
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 那么继续当前的open-coded defer函数的sp作为基址，继续扫描funcdata，获取open-coded defer函数。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 之所以这么做是因为open-coded defer里面也存在defer函数的情况，例如case4
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">addOneOpenDeferFrame</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } <span style="color:#66d9ef">else</span> {<span style="color:#75715e">// 非open-coded defer实现的defer函数
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// getargp返回其caller的保存callee参数的地址。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 之前介绍过了Go语言中函数调用约定，callee的参数存储，是由caller的栈空间提供。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">argp</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">getargp</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>)) <span style="color:#75715e">// 这里面p.argp保存的gopanic函数作为caller时候，保存callee参数的地址。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 之所以要_panic.argp保存gopanic的callee参数地址，
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 这是因为调用gorecover会通过此检查其caller的caller是不是gopanic。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 这也是case5等不能捕获panic异常的原因。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 调用defer函数
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">reflectcall</span>(<span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span>), <span style="color:#a6e22e">deferArgs</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>), uint32(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">siz</span>), uint32(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">siz</span>))
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">argp</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// reflectcall did not panic. Remove d.
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">throw</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;bad defer entry in panic&#34;</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">pc</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">pc</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">sp</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">unsafe</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pointer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sp</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">done</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// 从gp._defer链表清除掉当前defer函数
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">fn</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">freedefer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">recovered</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">goexit</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">aborted</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// A normal recover would bypass/abort the Goexit. Instead,
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// we return to the processing loop of the Goexit.
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sigcode0</span> = uintptr(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sp</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sigcode1</span> = uintptr(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">pc</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">mcall</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">recovery</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">throw</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;bypassed recovery failed&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// mcall should not return
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">atomic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Xadd</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">runningPanicDefers</span>, <span style="color:#f92672">-</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">done</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// panic已经被recover处理掉了，那么移除掉上面通过addOneOpenDeferFrame添加到gp._defer中的open-coded defer函数。
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 因为这些open-coded defer是通过inline方式执行的，从gp._defer链表中移除掉，不影响它们继续的执行
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">prev</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">openDefer</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">started</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">break</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">prev</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_defer</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } <span style="color:#66d9ef">else</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">prev</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">newd</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">freedefer</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">newd</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } <span style="color:#66d9ef">else</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">prev</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">d</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 无用代码，上面已经操作过了
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// Aborted panics are marked but remain on the g.panic list.
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#75715e">// Remove them from the list.
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">aborted</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">link</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> { <span style="color:#75715e">// must be done with signal
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sig</span> = <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// Pass information about recovering frame to recovery.
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sigcode0</span> = uintptr(<span style="color:#a6e22e">sp</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">sigcode1</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">pc</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">mcall</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">recovery</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">throw</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;recovery failed&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// mcall should not return
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">preprintpanics</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fatalpanic</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// should not return
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>)(<span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>) = <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// not reached
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>对于基于open-coded defer方式实现的延迟函数中处理panic recover逻辑，比如addOneOpenDeferFrame，runOpenDeferFrame等函数，这里不再深究。这里主要分析通过链表实现的延迟函数中处理panic recover逻辑。</p>
<p>接下来我们看下recover函数底层实现<code>runtime.gorecover</code>源码</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorecover</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">argp</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">uintptr</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">interface</span>{} {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">getg</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gp</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">_panic</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> !<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">goexit</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> !<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">recovered</span> <span style="color:#f92672">&amp;&amp;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">argp</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> uintptr(<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">argp</span>) {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">recovered</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">arg</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
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<a href="https://go.dev/ref/spec#Run_time_panics">Go官方语法指南：运行时恐慌</a>&#160;<a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink">&#x21a9;&#xfe0e;</a></p>
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