@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Marshall Cline's advice can be improved, though. Here's a recipe that will effor
Let's apply this recipe to the following (by itself irrelevant) complex declaration. Little arrows indicate how far we should read at each step and the direction of the arrow indicates the reading direction:
@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ Conditions are represented by the following condition flags:
Several condition member functions are available to manipulate or determine the states of `ios` objects. Originally they returned `int` values, but their current return type is `bool`:
- bool ios::bad():
- **bool ios::bad()**:
the value true is returned when the stream's badbit has been set and false otherwise. If true is returned it indicates that an illegal operation has been requested at the level of the streambuf object to which the stream interfaces. What does this mean? It indicates that the streambuf itself is behaving unexpectedly. Consider the following example:
the value true is returned when the stream's `badbit` has been set and false otherwise. If true is returned it indicates that an illegal operation has been requested at the level of the streambuf object to which the stream interfaces. What does this mean? It indicates that the streambuf itself is behaving unexpectedly. Consider the following example:
```cpp
std::ostream error(0);
std::ostream error(0);
```
Here an `ostream` object is constructed without providing it with a working `streambuf` object. Since this `streambuf` will never operate properly, its `badbit` flag is raised from the very beginning: `error.bad()` returns true.
@ -1648,7 +1648,7 @@ In this example
Like `fstream` objects string-stream objects can also be used for reading and writing. After including the `<sstream>` header file a `std::stringstream` can be defined which supports both reading and writing. After inserting information into a `stringstream` object `seekg(0)` can be called to read its info from the beginning of its content. When a `stringstream` must repeatedly be used for reading and writing call its `clear` and `str` members before starting a new writing cycle. Alternatively, a `stringstream` str can be reinitialized using `str = stringstream{}`. Here is an example:
<li>If you reached an opening parenthesis, continue at step 2 beyond the parenthesis where you previously stopped.</li>
</ol>
<p>Let’s apply this recipe to the following (by itself irrelevant) complex declaration. Little arrows indicate how far we should read at each step and the direction of the arrow indicates the reading direction:</p>
</code></pre><p>Collecting all the parts, we get for char <code>const *(* const (*(*ip)())[])[]</code>: <code>ip</code> is a pointer to a function (not expecting arguments), returning a pointer to an array of const pointers to an array of pointers to const chars. This is what <code>ip</code> represents; the recipe can be used to parse any declaration you ever encounter.</p>
</span></span></span><spanstyle="display:flex;"><span><spanstyle="color:#e6db74"> (*(*ip)()) Find the matching open paren:
</span></span></span><spanstyle="display:flex;"><span><spanstyle="color:#e6db74"><- '</span>returning a pointer to<spanstyle="color:#e6db74">'
</span></span><spanstyle="display:flex;"><span><----------- <spanstyle="color:#e6db74">'pointers to const chars'</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Collecting all the parts, we get for char <code>const *(* const (*(*ip)())[])[]</code>: <code>ip</code> is a pointer to a function (not expecting arguments), returning a pointer to an array of const pointers to an array of pointers to const chars. This is what <code>ip</code> represents; the recipe can be used to parse any declaration you ever encounter.</p>
<p>Several condition member functions are available to manipulate or determine the states of <code>ios</code> objects. Originally they returned <code>int</code> values, but their current return type is <code>bool</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>bool ios::bad():</p>
<p>the value true is returned when the stream’s badbit has been set and false otherwise. If true is returned it indicates that an illegal operation has been requested at the level of the streambuf object to which the stream interfaces. What does this mean? It indicates that the streambuf itself is behaving unexpectedly. Consider the following example:</p>
<p>the value true is returned when the stream’s <code>badbit</code> has been set and false otherwise. If true is returned it indicates that an illegal operation has been requested at the level of the streambuf object to which the stream interfaces. What does this mean? It indicates that the streambuf itself is behaving unexpectedly. Consider the following example:</p>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Here an <code>ostream</code> object is constructed without providing it with a working <code>streambuf</code> object. Since this <code>streambuf</code> will never operate properly, its <code>badbit</code> flag is raised from the very beginning: <code>error.bad()</code> returns true.</p>
</li>
<li>
@ -1757,26 +1757,26 @@ the current object is reinitialized with new initial content.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Like <code>fstream</code> objects string-stream objects can also be used for reading and writing. After including the <code><sstream></code> header file a <code>std::stringstream</code> can be defined which supports both reading and writing. After inserting information into a <code>stringstream</code> object <code>seekg(0)</code> can be called to read its info from the beginning of its content. When a <code>stringstream</code> must repeatedly be used for reading and writing call its <code>clear</code> and <code>str</code> members before starting a new writing cycle. Alternatively, a <code>stringstream</code> str can be reinitialized using <code>str = stringstream{}</code>. Here is an example:</p>
</span></span><spanstyle="display:flex;"><span><spanstyle="color:#66d9ef">while</span> (getline(io, line)) <spanstyle="color:#75715e">// results in io.eof()
</span></span></span><spanstyle="display:flex;"><span><spanstyle="color:#75715e"></span> cout <spanstyle="color:#f92672"><<</span> line <spanstyle="color:#f92672"><<</span><spanstyle="color:#e6db74">'\n'</span>;
